New Guide: The Carnivore Diet — What’s Known, What’s Not

Why people turn to carnivory

At Diet Doctor we recommend in our keto guides and recipes that you eat above ground vegetables. Most people do very well on this formulation because such vegetables are very low in carbohydrates and contain a lot of fibre, nutrients and trace minerals. They are also filling. One can generally eat a lot of kale, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, zucchini and other veggies without exceeding 20 grams of net carbs a day, while staying in ketosis and feeling satisfied. Moreover, eating a mixture of above ground vegetables with animal products like meat and cheese provides good dietary variety, which can make low-carb eating more interesting and sustainable for the long term.

Not all people, however, achieve complete success on a low-carb, high-fat ketogenic diet that is rich in vegetables. According to comments gleaned from all the various carnivory websites, Facebook groups and discussion forums, it seems the majority of people who try the diet tried a ketogenic diet first, but were dissatisfied with their results and desired better or more dramatic outcomes, prompting the trial of carnivory. This impression is confirmed by others doing the diet.

"By and large, most people doing the carnivore diet have some persistent health issue that the keto diet did not completely fix, such as not enough weight loss, a mental health condition, an autoimmune condition, or uncontrolled cravings," says Dr. Paul Mabry, a zero-carb US family doctor who blogs at Born to Eat Meat and manages a Facebook Group, Zero Carb Doc, now with more than 6300 members.

Dr. Mabry says he was "a total sugar addict" who at first did well on a keto diet, eating lots of vegetables. He lost 50 pounds on keto, but his weight stalled at 230 pounds - which was some 50 pounds above his ideal weight. Plus his hand eczema, his cravings and his tendency to over-eat continued.

"Even the tiniest amount of carbs can start my cravings and binging. I can binge on vegetables," said Dr. Mabry. In 2015 he began a carnivore diet, eating almost 80 per cent fat and 20 per cent protein. His weight dropped, his hands cleared and his cravings stopped. He has now maintained a weight of 180 pounds with no issues.

"I don't think everyone needs to eat a zero-carb diet. But if you are like me, someone who is severely metabolically damaged from a lifetime of sugar addiction, I think it can help," he says, calling it a total abstinence approach to carbs.

Australian Jane Jordan, a former nurse, did the keto diet for seven years, with good results. She lost weight, normalized her blood sugar and blood pressure, and eliminated her migraines and IBS.

In spring 2018, when Jordan was diagnosed with early stage glaucoma, a condition that runs in her family, she found some posts that zero-carb might help her eyesight. Recent research, published in the pre-eminent journals Science and The New England Journal of Medicine, has suggested that Vitamin B3, known as nicotinamide, may be an effective prevention or treatment for glaucoma. Nicotinamide is only found naturally in animal-sourced foods.

"Why not try it? I'd nothing to lose," said Jordan.

After seven months of the carnivore diet, a retest of her eyes by her optometrist in October 2018 found no evidence of the disease. "I am convinced that it was the zero-carb diet that reversed it," she says.

While there is currently no research trials that are examining the diet for glaucoma, Jordan intends to stick with this way of eating for at least 12 months, and re-assess after her next eye appointment.

Stories like these are anecdotes and do not equal good research evidence. We tend to hear more about the positive stories of people on carnivore. No research exists about how many achieve health improvements and how many experience negative symptoms or no improvements.

It is clear, however, that success is not guaranteed for all on the diet. Other people in Facebook groups and discussion forums complain of rapid and alarming weight gain, bloating, digestive upset, increased body odor, increased acne, increased tartar on teeth and other unwanted or lackluster results.

Experts weigh in: some pro, some con- some alarmed

Among low-carb experts, the carnivore diet is very controversial. Low-carb neuroscientist Rhonda Patrick, PhD, is concerned about the potential for negative changes to the gut microbiome and the risk of micronutrient deficiencies. "What is attracting someone to try such a restrictive diet without any published studies or long-term evidence? Why would you do it?" she said in an October 2018 podcast with Joe Rogan, who has had many pro-carnivore guests on his show. She said the most common reason seems to be to try to influence ongoing autoimmune conditions.

Psychiatrist Dr. Georgia Ede supports a trial of the diet. In her popular Diagnosis Diet blog and in this Diet Doctor video, she explores whether vegetables are truly necessary for health and concludes "there is no clear scientific proof" that we need to eat vegetables at all. In fact, most vegetables contain "anti-nutrients" and even toxins the plants use to defend themselves, she notes. She told participants at the 2018 Low-Carb San Diego conference that she was currently trying a carnivore diet herself and, so far, was experiencing positive results, such as improved sleep, steady mood and resolution to her migraines and night-time leg cramps.

Dr. Ted Naiman says he has now had many patients who have done 30-, 60-, and 90-day trials of the carnivore diet, with generally good results and normal labs. However, he has been finding that longer term, the diet may be more concerning. "I have now had a small handful of patients who were doing this longer than six months who have reported vague fatigue. The lab workup in these people is usually normal except for very low folate levels, below the normal range." (Folate, vitamin B9, is an essential vitamin for cellular processes. It is found in high amounts in spinach, kale, romaine lettuce, beet tops and chard; in asparagus, Brussels sprouts, and broccoli; and in egg yolks and fresh meats, especially liver and kidney; and in avocado and citrus fruits. Here is a good list of food folate sources.)

Dr. Steve Phinney is concerned about potential electrolyte deficiencies in sodium, magnesium and potassium in the carnivore diet. Dr. Jason Fung is equivocal: "I generally don't recommend it to patients - there is virtually no research evidence around it. But if people are doing well on it, I don't have a problem with it. And if micronutrients are an issue, you can always take a daily vitamin."

Other low-carb experts, who were approached for their opinion for this story, decided to pass: "There are no long-term studies. I'd rather not comment," was a common response.

Of course, mainstream dietary experts, who generally don't support low-carb ketogenic eating either, are alarmed. They call the carnivore diet extreme, insane, and a bad idea. (One writer even claimed carnivore eating is a "far-right tactic" to " piss off liberals " and appeals to "those drawn to other right-leaning fringe ideologies, who lack a sense of community.")

Testimonials, blogs and advocates bloom

Despite the controversy, some high-profile individuals are sharing how a carnivore diet put into remission their intractable problems, especially mental illness and serious autoimmune conditions.

One of the most prominent and dramatic stories is of Canadian Mikhaila Peterson, who had juvenile rheumatoid arthritis that was so severe she'd had three joint replacements (a hip and two ankles) before age 17. She also had extreme fatigue, anxiety and depression. In 2015 she began eliminating foods to see if a specific food was contributing to her autoimmune issues. She ended up eating just beef, salt and water - and all her symptoms disappeared.

Peterson's father is the highly controversial University of Toronto psychologist Jordan Peterson, PhD, the bestselling author of 12 Rules For Life. Peterson witnessed his daughter's improvements, adopted the same diet, and has said it caused his long-term depression to lift. Since Peterson is a divisive intellectual, a current cultural lightening rod dubbed a " custodian of the patriarchy" by The New York Times, his adoption of the diet has added to the diet's growing notoriety and detractors as well as to its growing adherents. Both Mikhaila and Jordan's stories have been featured on Diet Doctor.

Other high-profile advocates include orthopedic surgeon Dr. Shawn Baker, Kelly Hogan who blogs at My Zero Carb Life and Esmée La Fleur who runs the ZeroCarbZen website, where she interviews other carnivores about how the diet has impacted their health.

The website Meat Heals, run by Dr. Baker, collects hundreds of testimonials of personal health transformations while the website Just Meat, curated by bitcoin entrepreneur Michael Goldstein, has a large collection of articles, historic documents, archeological studies and other carnivory links. One could spend hours reading from Goldstein's extensive links at Just Meat - and no doubt many of Goldstein's bitcoin colleagues have, as carnivory is a popular trend in the cryptocurrency community.

Included at Just Meat are all the archives of the late Owsley Stanley, a.k.a "The Bear", the former sound engineer (and LSD supplier) to the Grateful Dead. Stanley was a carnivore for some 50 years and while the rock band happily took his drugs, they would not take his dietary advice. His story is fascinating reading.

Some of the most scientific and nuanced writing on the carnivore diet is being done by Amber O'Hearn, who has two blogs, Empirica and The Ketogenic Diet for Health. A computational mathematician, O'Hearn has been a carnivore for almost a decade and says she will stay on it for life, because it is the only way of eating that she has found that controls her bi-polar disorder. She speaks at many low-carb conferences, and her full-length podcast is available on the member side of Diet Doctor.

"I don't advocate eating a carnivore diet for no reason at all," O'Hearn says. "If you can eat a more varied low-carb diet with good results, why wouldn't you?" But she also rejects the dominant, unchallenged view, that as humans we simply must eat vegetables for health and that pure carnivory is physiologically implausible.

Threads of evidence from our ancient past

So, do we need to eat plenty of plants for good health? What evidence exists that our human ancestors survived, and maybe even thrived, on a largely meat-based diet?

Many of the above listed people, in their writings and presentations, draw upon some common archeological, anthropological and physiological sources to argue that humans evolved to be carnivores, and that fatty meat and animal organs are humans' optimal diet. As hunter-gatherers, they say, we may have been opportunistic omnivores who ate plants, nuts, tubers and seeds when meat was scarce - and gorged on late summer fruit and berries to fatten up for winter - but such foods were not necessary for the maintenance of our health. Meat was.

Here are some of the key points commonly used to argue that homo sapiens evolved to eat a diet mainly of meat and fat.

• Evolution of human brain size: Over the span of human evolution the size of the hominin brain has undergone big leaps, from about 500cc with our primate cousins up to the 1450cc brain volume of Neanderthals and early modern humans. The brain size grew every time a more nutrient-dense, energy-rich animal food source was eaten, especially animal fat. In short, some declare that animal meat and fat gave us our brains and made us human.
• Evolution of the human gut size: As our brains were growing, the length of our digestive tract was shrinking. As Dr. Walter Voegtlin noted in his 1975 The Stone Age Diet, and as noted by others like O'Hearn, herbivores have long, complicated digestive tracts to break down plant cellulose while carnivores like lions, wolves, dogs - and humans - have short, simple digestive tracts. All the absorption of nutrients from meat and fat occurs in the small intestine in humans and in all other carnivorous animals.
• Ancient human and animal remains: Numerous anthropologic studies have found evidence of the persistence of hominin meat-eating going back more than 2 million years. Caches of both human and animal bones in ancient caves and burial sites yield important clues. Cut marks and smashed ancient animal bones show evidence of butchery and marrow extraction. Isotope analysis of the ratio of nitrogen and carbon laid down in ancient human and Neanderthal bones can give a great deal of information about the protein source of their diets. Studies have found that Neanderthals had an almost exclusive diet of large fatty mammals like woolly mammoth, but that early modern humans may have survived because of their ability to eat from more varied sources like fresh water fish and smaller mammals - while still predominantly carnivorous. Israeli archeologist Miki Ben Dor, whose work is very popular among carnivore eaters, has proposed from his study of ancient bones in caves that it was actually the dietary need for animal fat that drove human evolution.
• Cave art: Bones in caves are one clue, but what did early modern humans draw in ancient caves such as Spain's Altamira cave and France's Chauvet cave? Berry bushes and leafy greens? Nuts and tubers? Nope. Animals! Lots and lots of animals: bison, horse, doe, auroch, wild boar and even (in some cave systems) rhino, mammoths and lions. It is believed these drawings, which are often more than 30,000 years old, were symbolic shamanistic rituals created to increase the success of the hunt, the tribe's primary and most important food source.
• Agricultural revolution brings a decline in health: Best-selling author and academic Jared Diamond penned a famous 1987 essay, The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race, in which he amasses multiple lines of evidence to conclude that the invention of agriculture "was a catastrophe from which we have never recovered." As far as human health goes, by studying the signs of diseases in ancient people, it can be seen that while food quantity went up with the introduction of grains to our diet, nutrient quality went down. Ancient bones show that after the agricultural revolution height crashed at least five inches for both men and women, while tooth enamel defects became common. Modern diseases emerged. Diamond likens human evolutionary history to a 24-hour clock in which each hour represents 100,000 years of time. As humans, he notes, we have evolved and lived 23 hours and 54 minutes as meat-eating hunter-gathers and have so far just lived a mere six minutes with agriculture.
• Meat-only study: Jump ahead to the early 20th century when arctic explorer Vilhjalmur Stefansson (1879-1962) did three expeditions in the Canadian arctic, living with the Inuit. For at least seven years he lived on an exclusive meat diet. Others did not believe such a diet could be healthy so in 1928, he and an expedition teammate were admitted to a ward of New York's Bellevue Hospital to be fed a meat-only diet (with plenty of organ meat) for a year and "to be intensively studied on every clinical angle." At first the meat served was too lean, making Stefansson sick, but as soon as the fat was upped the pair thrived. A second 1930 paper, based on that year-long study, found no vitamin deficiencies, normal bowel function, improved dental health and that "the subjects were mentally alert, physically active and showed no specific physical changes in any system of the body." In the late 1950s, a few years before his death, Stefansson was interviewed on television about his experiences, which makes fascinating viewing.
• The teeth of the Inuit: In 1929, around the same time as the Stefansson study, a Harvard dentist studied the teeth of the Inuit. He concluded: "eating a strictly meat diet is the ideal way in which to keep the human mouth in a healthy condition."
• The essential role of Vitamin B3: Found naturally in meat, fish, eggs, cheese and milk, vitamin B3 is an essential nutrient for the functioning of all our cells and nervous system. Also called nicotinamide or nicotinic acid, its presence in the human diet, some theorize, has played a key role in human evolution, especially in brain and central nervous system development. A vitamin B3 deficiency, called for centuries by the name pellagra, was a horrible condition known by the four Ds -dermatitis (scaly skin sores), diarrhea, dementia and death. In 1915 US epidemiologist Joseph Goldberger proved that it was caused by a diet "poor in animal protein." It was only in 1937 that the chemical structure of the vitamin was discovered and the B3 supplement created called niacin. Niacin was then artificially added to all grain and cereal products in most countries to prevent and cure pellagra among those who ate diets that had inadequate animal-food protein.

While none of these factors prove that in our modern age we would all be better off still limiting ourselves to a carnivore diet, they are key arguments used by carnivore diet proponents that humans evolved to rely heavily on animal-sourced foods.

Paleomedicina in Hungary: treating dire conditions with a zero-carb diet

While an increasing number of doctors are recommending the low-carb ketogenic diet to treat a variety of medical conditions, only one medical clinic in the world is using the zero-carb, all animal-sourced diet as a therapy for a wide variety of serious conditions. That clinic is Paleomedicina in Zalaszentgrót, Hungary.

The team, headed by research neuroscientist Dr. Zsófia Clemens and physician Dr. Csaba Tóth, uses its paleo-ketogenic diet therapeutic protocol to treat a wide array of autoimmune conditions, type 1 and type 2 diabetes, mental health conditions and even cancer.

Developed in 2010/11, their protocol follows what the clinic believes early modern humans evolved to eat. The diet has a ratio of two parts animal fat to one part animal protein. Acceptable protein sources are fatty red meats and organ meats, preferably from pasture-raised animals. No nitrates, nitrites or additives to meat are allowed. A very small amount of paleo vegetables -mostly leafy greens - are allowed as long as they do not take people out of ketosis, but they are not deemed to be necessary.

The diet recommends that eggs are at first eliminated, but re-introduced after six weeks or so to see whether they spur any negative symptoms (for some, they do.) The diet does not allow cheese, butter, milk or other dairy products, or any fruit, sugar, grains, starchy or processed carbohydrates.

Since 2013, the clinic has used their paleo-ketogenic diet to treat what Dr. Tóth says is more than 10,000 patients. They've published case studies of the reversal of Crohn's disease; halting of the progression of type 1 diabetes; reversing pre-cancer; and even halting the growth of malignant cancer of the soft palate and of the rectum. Their ground-breaking but controversial work has been featured in a number of podcasts, articles and presentations. Their findings have not yet been reproduced by others research sites or studied in experimental trials.

In an interview with Diet Doctor, Dr. Tóth described how he searched for years to find a way to cure his own poor health of type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, severe eczema and severe Crohn's disease. He first found the paleo diet, which helped his conditions but did not cure them.

It was only when he combined the paleo diet with the ketogenic diet that his health problems resolved. "What I learned about myself, we then extended as our protocol to all our patients." He says in their experience the diet can cure "100 out of 100 Crohn's disease patients." Moreover, every clinician in the clinic now eats this way, too. "We are convinced that this is the healthy way of eating and feeding oneself."

The role of intestinal permeability

Drs. Tóth and Clemens say their research suggests that a key mechanism of the diet is its positive impact on the function of the intestine, healing and reversing intestinal permeability, also sometimes called "leaky gut."

While in the past mainstream medicine largely dismissed the theory of illnesses being linked to a leaky gut as being pseudo-science, recent research is confirming that a breakdown of the gut barrier can occur. Over the last decade research from a number of academic institutions around the world has been showing that an increase in intestinal permeability is a common feature of a number of autoimmune and chronic disease conditions.

A healthy intestine absorbs nutrients and energy for use by the body but keeps out microbes, antigens and other disease-causing agents. The theory is that increased permeability allows unwanted substances to cross the intestinal barrier, triggering inflammation and a dysfunctional immune response. "If you have high intestinal permeability, then it is a high probability that all biological membranes are malfunctioning, such as the blood-brain barrier," said Dr. Tóth.

All of Paleomedicina patients undergo a test, called PEG400, to measure their level of intestinal permeability before and after starting the diet. Patients ingest a biologically inert solution. If they have intestinal permeability, compounds in the solution cross the intestinal barrier and then are measured six hours later in the patient's urine. The higher the level in the urine, the worse the intestinal permeability. Dr. Tóth said Paleomedicina say that they have shown by repeating the test that their paleo-ketogenic diet can restore the gut wall to normal permeability within a few months.

What about colon cancer?

Don't we need to eat vegetables and fibre to prevent colon cancer? Leading health institutions like the World Health Organization and the World Cancer Research Fund declare that red meat causes colorectal cancer and constantly urge us to eat less of it. Wouldn't a meat-only diet up the risk of cancerous cell changes?

Nina Teicholz, in her book The Big Fat Surprise, and in her many speeches at low-carb conferences, as well as in this Diet Doctor video, dissects the poor epidemiological and weak science that is behind the claim that red meat causes cancer and concludes there is no evidence of a link at all. Diet Doctor's Franziska Spritzler has also created an in-depth guide on the evidence for and against red meat consumption.

None of the people eating the carnivore diet interviewed for this article, or the many people writing and posting about it, are concerned about their own personal risk for colon cancer from the diet. Most said they are more concerned about how vegetables and grains may irritate their colons and that, personally, their intestinal function had seemingly improved on the diet.

In fact, many point to the 2009 epidemiologic study that actually found that vegetarians in UK had significantly higher rates of colon cancer than meat eaters. They note that in studies like that, there should have been among the vegetarians a "healthy user bias," meaning that population would usually be more health-conscious, more physically active, have lower BMIs, have higher levels of education and be more economically secure. Therefore, it would be assumed that among vegetarians these "healthy user" tendencies would skew the results even more in their favor, giving them lower rates of cancer and mortality, but it did not in this study.

Colon cancer rates in the last decade are rising fastest in people age 19 to 39 - a finding that has occurred in recent years in Europe, the US, Australia and Canada. The reason is not known, but authors of the research studies noting this increase say it may be associated with the obesity epidemic, sugar consumption, an unidentified environmental factor, or another as-yet-unknown risk factor.

N=1: My one-month trial

When Dr. Andreas Eenfeldt asked me to research and write this guide to carnivore eating it became clear I should give the diet a try myself.

I wasn't so sure I wanted to - I love vegetables and salad. I have a big vegetable garden; tending it and eating its bounty is a source of joy. Plus, I've had no outstanding health complaints since adopting the ketogenic diet in 2015. I'm now happy with my weight; I've no auto-immune conditions nor mental health concerns; I've no trouble controlling carb cravings. In short, unlike many who try the carnivore diet, I didn't have an overwhelming motivation - except this guide - to try this way eating.

Another factor made me reluctant: I was embarrassed to tell family and friends I was eating only meat. It felt extreme. It did not lend itself to dinner parties, lunch dates with girlfriends and other forms of socializing. I didn't want to get lectures about the evils of meat, or have friends think I had developed an eating disorder.

So, I embarked on a quiet trial, not telling anyone I was doing it. At first I thought I would just do a week, but I learned that would be too short to demonstrate anything.

"It takes about 30 days to see appreciable differences from this diet and often more, compared to a merely ketogenic one," advises O'Hearn.

Calmer gut, lower body fat, more hot flashes

First, here is how I ate:

• I either had eggs and bacon for breakfast or skipped breakfast completely. I did have a cup of coffee with full fat cream every morning.
• For lunch I would often cook up some ground beef with butter and salt and sprinkle it with a bit of grated cheddar cheese. If I hadn't had breakfast, I might instead have two eggs for lunch, or an omelette with cheddar cheese. Sparkling water was my go-to drink all day.
• For dinner, it would usually be a piece of meat - steak, rib eye, pork chop, sausage, lamb chop, liver - with a tiny bit of fresh kale or lettuce from my garden (such as is allowed on the Paleomedicina protocol). It was not enough greens to call it a salad -and it had no dressing - but was just a bit of color so my plate did not look so bare. I honestly found it hard to see a plate with just meat on it. Seeing the green, and chewing a few sprigs of kale or parsley with the meat felt refreshing. I called it my palate cleanser.
• I did not snack at other times of the day. Already being keto-adapted helped with this. I could not have eaten this way if I had not already been three years on a low-carb, keto diet.

The results:

• GI tract: The first four days I had significant digestive upset -mostly diarrhea hitting in the middle of the night. Not nice. But then my gut settled down and was remarkably calm for the next 30 days.
• Weight: I lost 5 pounds within two weeks and kept it off for the 30 days. In three years of ketogenic eating my weight had become very stable. I thought it was as low as I could realistically go as a 60-year-old woman. It was not. Within a month of stopping eating carnivore, however, I had gained 4 pounds back.
• Body fat: My body fat percentage, which had come down from 36% to 29% on the keto diet, came down even more to 26.5%. My exercise routine stayed the same.
• Fasting blood glucose: My fasting blood glucose was 85-86 mg/dl (4.7 or 4.8 mmol/L) every morning - optimal.
• Ketones: My daily ketone levels were not as high - usually about 0.3 to 0.7 mmol/L. When I ate a low-carb ketogenic diet my ketones would typically be 1.5 to 2.0 mmol/L, optimal nutritional ketosis. I think the lower level of ketones while eating meat was likely because some of the protein I consumed was being converted to glucose through gluconeogenesis.
• Hot flashes: I would get extremely hot, especially after my evening meal and in the middle of the night. At first I thought it was a return of menopausal hot flashes, but then in a Facebook discussion among others with the same reaction, it dawned that it might be protein thermogenesis - the meat sweats - from the digestion of protein. At times I was uncomfortably hot. While others were donning sweaters and turning on central heating during cool fall weather, I was peeling off layers and turning down the thermostat. It made me ponder, 'hmm, maybe this internal, meat-driven furnace was how our paleolithic ancestors survived in winter climes wearing just animal hides and tree bark.' At times I felt so hot I could have happily walked in misty, winter vales half clad.
• Better skin: Some long-standing sun damage (keratoses) on my legs and shoulders simply disappeared. Weird.
• Brain: I did not notice any difference in mood, mental acuity or mental energy between low-carb keto and carnivore. If anything, I think I feel mentally happier eating vegetables. It may have been because I was not outside tending and using the produce from my garden during the month and not socializing with others over meals.
• Cravings increased: On the low-carb ketogenic diet I've generally had no cravings. On carnivore my cravings actually increased - substantially. I especially longed for fresh salad, raw and steamed broccoli, fresh fruit and berries -and even bread and popcorn. I craved sweets, too. At a party during the month, I could not resist the dessert table, when in the past on the keto diet those temptations were easy to resist. I think it was gustatory boredom - I wanted a different mouth feel, a different taste even for just a moment. Greater cravings may have also been caused, in part, by increased gluconeogenesis from protein converting to glucose and the resulting rise and fall of insulin, triggering hunger. Dr. Paul Mabry notes that those of us with long-standing insulin resistance who do the carnivore diet have to be very careful of protein/fat ratios. The goal is not to spur excess insulin release with too much protein and not enough fat. I am not sure what was happening with me but I found the cravings tough.
• Monotony: I definitely felt deprived of flavours and textures and as time went on I was just less interested in eating meat. It was very easy to skip a meal because at times I simply didn't hanker for any more flesh. But, on the other hand, shopping was simple and meal prep and clean up was super fast.

The biggest surprises to me were how it nudged my stalled weight a few pounds, the calm gut and the improved skin. The most difficult was the tedium, the surges of body heat, the cravings and my self-imposed feeling of social isolation from the diet.

I thought often of Amber O'Hearn's comment, "If you can eat a more varied low-carb diet with good results, why wouldn't you?"

That described me to a T (make that T-bone!). I didn't really need to do the diet, so the trade-offs were high. I had no concerning health reason to motivate me; it felt restrictive and limiting. I did not eat out with friends for a whole month. I was glad when my trial was over.

I'm now back eating a low-carb ketogenic diet with plenty of above-ground vegetables. I am happier making many of the delicious Diet Doctor recipes. That way of eating feels more enjoyable, balanced and sustainable to me.

That said, however, I understand better why those with severe or incurable conditions with poor therapeutic options might try carnivore eating. In the absence of any good scientific evidence pro or con, doing their own n=1 trial over a few months might determine if they are likely to experience any benefit.

Short-term, it is unlikely that it would do any harm. But as Dr. Naiman notes above, longer trials could cause some health issues for some people - so it is important that anyone considering a trial should pay close attention to their individual responses. If there's no improvement over weeks or a few months, it's likely not helping and people can feel satisfied returning to a more varied and less restricted low-carb ketogenic diet.

/ Anne Mullens