Are you suffering from a mental health issue like anxiety, depression, or ADHD? Do you wonder if changing your diet might help? In our guide, The food-mood connection, we discuss the new field of nutritional psychiatry and the emerging body of evidence that suggests eating a low-carbohydrate, whole-foods diet can improve mood and mental health. In a separate guide, we look at how modern diets, full of sugar and other refined carbohydrates, might contribute to psychological distress.
Has hearing about low-carb diets sparked an interest in making a life-style change? We hope so! But if you are taking medication for mental health issues, you'll need to do some planning before giving up your usual diet and easing into a low-carbohydrate eating plan. In this guide, we'll cover how to prepare for the changes a low-carbohydrate eating pattern might make to your medications.
Should you try a low-carbohydrate diet for your mental health?
Although there is precious little human scientific data about low-carbohydrate diets and psychiatric disorders, what we do have is promising. It could be years before we see high-quality studies, but for those of you who don't want to wait that long, rest assured there is plenty of scientific evidence demonstrating that low-carbohydrate diets are safe and healthy for almost everyone.
Planning
Embarking on a new diet is a challenge for all of us, but if you are dealing with mental health issues, it can be much more difficult. Changing how you eat requires motivation, planning, sustained commitment, and major changes to familiar and comforting routines, which can be stressful. To increase your chances for success, if possible choose a start date that doesn't coincide with other major changes or ordeals in your life. If you're too depressed to muster the will to begin, or too anxious to tolerate the stress of transitioning to a new diet, the short-term use of medication to help you bridge the gap may be worth considering.
Reflection
Take time to ask yourself these questions to assess your readiness for change, track your progress, and stay motivated. It may be helpful to discuss these questions with your health care providers as well.
- Why are you thinking about changing your diet?
- What do you hope to accomplish by changing your diet?
- How do you feel on your current diet? List emotions and behaviors you've been struggling with lately.
- How do you feel about medications? If you take psychiatric medications, make a list of their pros and cons.
- What do you anticipate may be the biggest challenges for you in changing your diet?
- Do you have people at home or in your social circle that you could rely on for support? If not, you may want to consider a support group, counselor, or coach.
Consultation
If you currently take medications of any kind, discuss the idea with your prescriber before making any changes to your diet. Ideally, your prescribing clinician will be supportive of the idea and knowledgeable about low-carbohydrate diets or at least open to learning. If not, you may want to consider either finding a new prescriber or asking your current prescriber if they would be willing to collaborate with a knowledgeable nutritionist, primary care clinician, or other health professional who has clinical experience with ketogenic diets and can help guide them in your care. Make a plan with your clinicians for close monitoring. Ideally, you'll want weekly appointments with your prescriber, your therapist (if you see someone separately for counseling), and other collaborating health professionals, especially during the first six weeks of your new diet. Even if you don't take medications, it can be very helpful to work with a counselor or therapist who can provide valuable support, insight, and feedback.
Baseline tests
Your blood pressure, heart rate, body weight, and waist circumference should be recorded before you change your diet and monitored along the way. Your clinician should also order blood tests before you change your diet. Helpful tests include:
- Fasting comprehensive metabolic panel (glucose, electrolytes, kidney function, liver function, and acid-base balance)
- Fasting lipid panel (includes HDL cholesterol and triglycerides)
- Fasting total insulin level
- Thyroid function panel
- Highly-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)
- Serum uric acid
- Medication blood levels if applicable (Lithium and Depakote are particularly important - see below)
- Any other tests your clinician recommends
Tests for nutrient deficiencies are worth considering as well. The most common vitamin and mineral deficiencies linked to psychiatric issues are vitamin B12, iron, zinc, and magnesium. To read more about how these and other nutrient deficiencies affect brain function, see " Your brain on plants: micronutrients and mental health. "
Medication management
Low-carbohydrate diets cause profound shifts in brain and body chemistry rather quickly. These changes are almost always positive and healthy, but they can have a major impact on medication levels, dosages, and side effects that require close medical supervision, particularly in the first month or two while your metabolism adjusts to your new healthy way of eating.
If you currently take medication for depression, anxiety, mood swings, sleep, attention, or psychosis and you are considering trying a low-carbohydrate or ketogenic diet for the first time, please read through the information that follows. This section is not meant to be comprehensive, and each situation is unique, so always consult with your own health care provider for personalized advice.
Antidepressants
Commonly-prescribed antidepressants include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) and Wellbutrin (bupropion). Examples of SSRIs include Zoloft (sertraline), Lexapro (escitalopram), and Prozac (fluoxetine). Examples of SNRIs include Effexor (venlafaxine) and Cymbalta (duloxetine). These medicines don't usually pose any special problems on low-carbohydrate diets, but some people do feel hungrier and gain weight on SSRIs and Effexor, which may make it harder to stick to a new diet of any kind. Increased appetite and weight gain are uncommon with Wellbutrin and Cymbalta.
Antipsychotic medications
Antipsychotic medications such as Risperdal (risperidone), Abilify (aripiprazole), and Seroquel (quetiapine), can increase insulin levels and cause insulin resistance, which can make it harder for your body to generate ketones. It's certainly possible to experience benefits from dietary changes even while continuing to take antipsychotic medications, but in some cases these medicines may eventually need to be tapered off completely in order to realize the full potential benefits of a ketogenic diet. Many medicines fall into the "antipsychotic" category, so if you're not sure whether your medicine is an antipsychotic, check with your prescriber.
Lithium
Lithium is a naturally-occurring salt with mood stabilizing properties. Low-carbohydrate diets allow the body to let go of some excess fluid in the beginning. As you lose this extra water, lithium can become more concentrated in the blood, causing your lithium level to rise. If you and your clinician notice lithium side effects emerging that you didn't have before, such as excessive thirst, difficulty concentrating, sluggishness, tremors, and poor coordination, the dosage may need to be reduced. It's important to consume enough salt and pay attention to electrolytes like magnesium and potassium as well, particularly during the early phase of this diet.
Anticonvulsant mood stabilizers
Many anticonvulsant medications originally designed to control seizures are also prescribed by psychiatrists for mood swings, insomnia, or anxiety. The ones most likely to behave strangely when embarking on a ketogenic diet are Depakote (valproate), Zonegran (zonisamide), and Topamax (topiramate).
Depakote (valproate) is actually a fatty acid that can be burned by your cells for fuel. Since your body ramps up fat metabolism on a ketogenic diet, cells hungry for fat can remove Depakote molecules from your bloodstream and may cause Depakote blood levels to fall.
Zonegran (zonisamide) and Topamax (topiramate) both change the way the kidney processes electrolytes (salts) and can make blood pH a little more acidic (metabolic acidosis), increasing risk for kidney stones. Ketogenic diets can also make the blood a little more acidic (ketones are acidic) and slightly increase risk for kidney stones in some individuals, so people taking Zonegran or Topamax may be at even higher risk for kidney stones on a ketogenic diet than others. If you take either of these medicines, it's important to stay well-hydrated to reduce your risk for kidney stones and to work closely with your medical provider. Urine testing to monitor calcium, creatinine citrate, pH, specific gravity and occult blood (microscopic amounts of blood in the urine that may indicate kidney stones) is recommended. A common recommendation for people taking Zonegran or Topamax who want to reduce kidney stone risk is to eat a low-salt diet, but this may not be a good idea on a ketogenic diet, especially during the early adjustment period.
Blood-pressure medications
Clonidine, Prazosin, and Propranolol were originally designed to treat high blood pressure, but they are also sometimes prescribed for insomnia, anxiety, nightmares, or ADHD. In the early stages of starting a low-carbohydrate diet, blood pressure may decrease as the body lets go of excess fluid. This can be a very healthy change, particularly if you have high blood pressure. However, if you are taking a blood-pressure medicine, your blood pressure could fall too low, putting you at potential risk for lightheadedness, dizziness, and fatigue, with the worst-case scenario being that you could even pass out. This is why it's important to have your blood pressure monitored along the way when trying a ketogenic diet and why blood pressure medicines may need to be reduced or stopped on a ketogenic diet. Many psychiatric medications also carry a small risk of lower blood pressure, including antipsychotic medications and SSRI antidepressants.
When can I stop my medication?
If you are excited about trying a low-carbohydrate diet in hopes that you may be able to reduce or eliminate one or more of your medications, that's wonderful - but please be patient, particularly if you opt for a ketogenic diet. Most medications should be continued until you've been solidly in ketosis for at least six weeks, which is the average amount of time it takes for the body to start using ketones efficiently for fuel. At the six-week mark, you and your clinician can discuss whether it makes sense to begin considering any reductions, but for some people, three months may be a more reasonable reflection point.
While nutrition is a major contributor to mental health, it's certainly not the only factor, so some people will continue to need medication support, even with the healthiest of diets. There is no shame in taking medications that help you. Your well-being comes first.
How do I stop my medication safely?
Once you've adapted nicely to your new diet, depending on how you're feeling, you and your clinician may decide to work toward possible medication reductions. Never stop any medicine abruptly! Always collaborate with your clinician, taper down very slowly, and change only one medicine at a time! Many psychiatric medicines can cause uncomfortable or even potentially dangerous withdrawal effects if not tapered slowly and carefully.
Be aware that most psychiatric medications continue to affect brain chemistry for an average of six weeks after you stop taking them. For this reason, if you are taking more than one psychiatric medication, it may be wise to wait at least six weeks after you've completed one medication taper before considering whether to start tapering another medication. For example: if you finish taking an antidepressant such as Zoloft in early May, you won't know for sure how you're actually feeling without it until at least late June. If you start to taper a second medication during that six-week window, and your depression symptoms begin to return, you won't know whether it's because the Zoloft benefits are wearing off, or because you've begun tapering a second medicine.
Low-carb diets may offer relief to many who are experiencing mental health issues. However, every patient is different. Anyone taking psychiatric medications should plan ahead and consult with their doctor before embarking on what might be a life-changing dietary intervention.
If you have questions, please visit our FAQ on low-carb and mental health, coming soon.
/ Dr. Georgia Ede, MD
