One of the key features of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet is its approach to fat. Those getting started with a keto diet often wonder about "how to increase fat" or "what are high-fat snacks" - anything to make sure they are getting "enough" fat in their keto diet.
The role that fat plays in a keto diet is often misunderstood, especially when it comes to weight loss. Knowing what fat can - and can't - do to help you lose weight and improve your health will help you make the best choices for success.
This guide addresses four of the myths surrounding dietary fat and keto diets.
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Myth 1: You eat way more fat
on a keto diet
Many of the misconceptions around keto diets start here. People often think that, when eating a keto diet, they are eating a lot more fat than they were before. Although we can't say what happens for any given individual "in real life," there's little evidence of this from clinical trials.
The first problem is, there are very few clinical trials that use adherence to "keto macros" or an emphasis on adding fat to the diet as the educational protocol for participants.
The most well-known and well-regarded clinical trials, the ones we point to as evidence that dramatically reducing carbohydrates improves weight loss, are low-carb trials, not "keto" ones.
In these studies, participants are not told to limit their calorie or fat intake. Yet, on average, participants dramatically reduce their calories, along with their carbohydrate intake. As a result, fat increases as a percent of calories.
However, absolute fat intake does not go up by much, if at all. In the study with the highest increase in fat intake, the average amount of increase was 18 grams, the equivalent of a tablespoon and a half of butter. In some studies, total fat intake decreases, although in most, it remains remarkably stable.
As previously stated, there are currently few studies that use a "keto macro" protocol to educate participants and the existing low-carb clinical trials show little (if any) increase in total fat. So, there isn't evidence to suggest that adhering to "keto macros" or adding significant amounts of fat to your diet is better for weight loss than reducing fat and calories - or following an Atkins-style, low-carb diet. These head-to-head studies have simply not been done.
If following "keto macros" has worked well for you, congratulations! Keep doing what you are doing.
If it hasn't, a focus on protein-rich, low-carb foods and high-fiber veggies - an approach similar to the protocols used in the studies mentioned above - could help you reach your health goals.
Our higher protein recipes reduce carbs, increase protein, and add just enough fat to make each bite delicious. Or, with a free trial membership, you can try our high protein meal plans.
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Myth 2: Eating fat causes you
to burn more body fat
With keto, a common misconception is that you have to eat fat in order to burn body fat. But on closer inspection, this is not the case. Those of us who have been on very-low-calorie diets know that you can often lose body fat while eating very little fat. It's just often not an enjoyable or sustainable way to live.
Much of the confusion around this myth comes from not recognizing the difference between dietary fat (the fat you eat) and body fat (the fat you carry around under your skin and around your organs). If you are trying to lose weight or improve insulin resistance, your goal is to access body fat and use it for energy, not just to burn the calories you've recently consumed.
An important step that allows you to burn body fat is lowering insulin levels. Insulin is a hormone that tells your body to keep stored fat locked away, so getting insulin levels down can really help with fat burning.
Dietary fat alone has very little effect on insulin levels in the short term. And, on its own, adding fat to your diet does not lower insulin levels. To lower insulin levels, you need to eat in a way that reduces calories or carbs - or, perhaps most effectively for some, both.
Carbs, calories, and insulin
One way to access body fat and use it for energy is to reduce total calories well below daily energy needs. This often - but not always - results in lower insulin levels.
However, for some people, reducing calories across all macronutrients is not enough. In this case, it's possible that a low-calorie diet with too many carbohydrates will not lower insulin levels enough to make it easy to use body fat for fuel. Right now, we don't know enough to go beyond speculation about why some people fail to lose weight while reducing calories.
With reduced calorie intake, your body may have limited amounts of incoming fuel from food and limited access to stored fuel (body fat). The result can be exhaustion and a constant feeling of being "hangry" as your body may be struggling to find the energy it needs to get you through your day.
A second proven way to lose body fat is to specifically target carbohydrate reduction, rather than overall calorie restriction.
Carbohydrates (except for fiber) become sugar when digested, which can cause a rapid rise in blood sugar. This normally leads to a significant and immediate rise in insulin levels.
Because reducing carbohydrate intake typically results in lower blood sugar levels, it almost always results in a reduction of insulin, which means your body can now "unlock" its fat stores and use them for fuel.
Carbohydrate reduction also frequently results in lower overall calorie intake - even if you are not deliberately restricting calories.
When starches and sugars are removed from a low-carb diet, protein-rich foods and high-fiber vegetables often take their place. Eating more protein and fiber typically leads to decreased feelings of hunger (without needing to consume as much food). This increases the likelihood that calorie intake goes down.
Under these circumstances, insulin is low, so your body can access stored fat. Plus, your body is in need of energy because you're eating fewer calories.
Best foods for burning body fat
The problem with thinking you need to add extra fat to your diet to burn body fat is that fat has a lot of calories - even when eating just a small amount. If you keep your insulin low by eating fewer carbs - but keep your calorie intake higher than you need by overeating fat - you will end up with excess calories.
The result? Limited loss of body fat.
The best food choices to help your body burn stored fat are low in net carbohydrates (total carbs minus fiber), low in total energy density (calories per gram), and high in nutrients your body needs, such as protein, vitamins, and minerals.
When eating the protein foods your body needs to build muscle and maintain your metabolism, you also often get dietary fat. Eggs or meat, for example, are high in protein but also come with a certain amount of fat.
However, you should also include enough fat in your meals to make your food enjoyable and to keep your calories from going too low. For example, cooking with oils or butter or adding salad dressing to your meal often provides a moderate amount of fat for satiety, whereas fat bombs for dessert may add too much.
Summary
Lowering insulin levels and reducing calories below daily energy needs - rather than raising dietary fat amounts - are what allows your body to burn its own fat for fuel.
Myth 3: Fat is the most filling
food to eat
Yes, dietary fat does help regulate your appetite. But if you are trying to lose weight and you feel hungry between meals, instead of thinking, add more fat to my next meal, you should first check to make sure your meals are centered around generous servings of protein and fiber-filled vegetables.
A considerable amount of evidence indicates that protein and fiber have a stronger effect on feelings of fullness than fat.
As tasty as it is, dietary fat does not contribute much to the nutritional content of a meal. While we do require a few essential fatty acids, the amount we need on a daily basis is very low.
Additionally, fat has 9 calories per gram, more than twice that of protein or carbs, which have just 4 calories. This means fat contributes a lot of calories in a small amount of food.
Although fat does add to feelings of fullness by slowing down digestion and stimulating hormones that tell you to stop eating, these effects are not as powerful as those from protein.
Why you might eat less on low carb
This may seem to contradict the finding from clinical trials, where participants who are given low-carb diets typically end up eating fewer calories while reporting feeling more full. This phenomenon is often attributed to the fat content of those diets.
However, under these circumstances, the diet's protein density also typically increases; participants eat more protein per calorie than they did before. This can be a powerful way to reduce overall calorie intake.
Furthermore, ketosis has been shown to reduce hunger.But keeping carbs and calories low is the primary driver of ketosis, not eating extra fat.
In fact, in these studies, the absolute intake of fat seems to not increase by much (see the table above). Because carbs and total calories are greatly reduced, the percentage of calories from fat goes up, but the absolute amount of fat eaten may not change dramatically.
Additionally, like most other diets, low-carb diets limit the sugary, starchy foods that stimulate overeating, such as desserts, chips, and cookies.
Avoiding these foods is also likely to shift the sources of dietary fat from carb-plus-fat foods (such as fried starchy or sweet foods, including donuts and potato chips) to protein-plus-fat foods (such as steak or chicken with its skin on) or fiber-plus-fat foods (such as broccoli with butter or a salad with full-fat dressing).
Protein and fiber reduce hunger best
If you're trying to lose weight in a healthy, sustainable way, replacing sugary and starchy foods with foods that combine fat with protein or fiber may be more effective than replacing them with foods that are mostly fat, such as a mug of butter-enriched coffee.
A ribeye steak or asparagus with Hollandaise sauce provides many of the essential nutrients you need. Foods such as these nourish your body, lower insulin levels, and reduce hunger - without leaving you feeling like you are eating "diet food."
Fat combined with a sweet taste, even from a keto-friendly, non-caloric sweetener, can still promote hunger, override feelings of fullness, and make it easy to overeat empty calories.
Can you still enjoy a slice of keto cheesecake? Of course. You just want to make sure you get the protein you need first, along with plenty of non-starchy vegetables. And for successful weight loss, keto-friendly desserts work better as an occasional treat than an everyday occurrence.
Remember, even with increased protein on a keto diet, 50 to 70% of your calories could still come from fat. To lose weight in a sustainable way, you don't want to end up with a low-carb, low-fat, low-calorie diet that leads to hunger and cycles of weight loss and regain.
Limiting fat just enough to make sure you burn body fat is a smart move. Feeling deprived and hating the food you eat isn't.
Summary
Protein foods and fiber-filled vegetables slow down digestion and prompt the release of hormones that signal fullness. And, they do it while providing the body with essential nutrients and less than half as many calories as fat.
Myth 4: If carbs are kept low, eating fat can't cause weight gain and insulin resistance
Can you have too much fat on a keto diet? The overly simplistic answer is "yes," but a better answer is, "It's complicated." Ultimately, we should be wary of treating dietary fat as a "free food" that can be eaten in unlimited quantities.
Just as the "carbs can't make you fat" myth from the days of low-fat diets was mistaken, so is the idea that "fat can't make you fat." That fat can make you fat - even in the context of a low-carb diet - may seem foreign to the many individuals who lost dozens or even more than 100 pounds by reducing carbs and adding cream, butter, and olive oil to their meals, but it is possible.
Although dietary fat does not raise glucose and insulin levels in the short-term - in the way that carbohydrates do - the long-term effects of dietary fat on insulin and insulin resistance are unclear. Whether dietary fat can contribute to weight gain and insulin resistance in the context of a low-carb diet likely depends on a number of factors.
Fat can contribute to weight gain
One consideration is whether you are taking in more energy than you expend daily. It is still possible to take in too many calories even if those calories don't come from carbohydrates. Your body still has to manage excess energy somehow. Excess energy over time contributes to insulin resistance and weight gain.
At least one study has shown that individuals on low-carb diets may benefit from having slightly higher levels of energy expenditure or calorie-burning during weight loss maintenance. Still, there is little evidence to indicate that this is due to increased dietary fat intake. In fact, adding fat bombs and butter-filled coffee to your diet can easily override this higher level of energy expenditure.
Another consideration is whether you are currently overweight or obese. If so, the underlying insulin resistance that seems to precede obesity may have already set your body up to have higher levels of insulin and higher levels of circulating free fatty acids. In this situation, dietary fat appears to stimulate some insulin production even when blood glucose levels are low.
But won't a low-carb diet help reverse insulin resistance? In many cases, that answer is "yes."
Low carb can improve insulin resistance
There's plenty of evidence that limiting dietary carbohydrates helps lower insulin levels in most people. Low insulin levels help to move fat out of the liver and pancreas, allowing those organs to function more effectively, which improves insulin resistance.
When calorie intake doesn't exceed your calorie needs, fat released from the liver and pancreas can be burned for fuel. When this fat is burned for fuel, ketone production increases because ketones are a by-product of the fat-burning process. And when fat in the liver and pancreas is reduced, insulin resistance improves.
This seems to be where the confusion about the role of dietary fat in reducing insulin resistance comes in. It is easy to mistake the outcome of this process - higher ketone levels - as the cause of reduced insulin resistance.
But increasing ketone levels - by increasing dietary fat - may not lead to improvements in insulin resistance if it means overshooting daily calorie needs. It isn't the presence of ketones that helps reduce fat in the liver and pancreas; it's lower levels of insulin.
Summary
Over time, taking in more energy than you need from dietary fat can contribute to elevated insulin, insulin resistance, and weight gain, even when carbs are kept low.
Smart choices about dietary fat
For healthy weight loss and improved insulin resistance, choose foods that add nutrition, such as protein foods and fiber-filled vegetables, over adding empty calories from fat.
Because fat is energy-dense, a little goes a long way. It is easy to get too many calories from fat, especially when it is combined with a sweet taste - even if the sweet taste comes from non-caloric sweeteners or fruit.
At the same time, fat is important for flavor. Use dietary fat to add enjoyment to your food and to add sufficient energy to keep hunger at bay.
Once you've given your body the nutrition it needs, whether you want to add additional calories from fat is up to you. For weight loss, add just enough fat to make meals enjoyable and keep your calories from going too low, keeping in mind that a little fat goes a long way.
