What Happens to Our Brain When We Exercise?

It's already a common knowledge about what happens to our body when we submit it to a physical activity or exercise. We sweat and we fatigue, breakdown our muscles and recover to become stronger, or our body becomes injured. But aside from the physical effects of any activity, working out or involving ourselves in any form of physical exercise also has a great impact in our brain activity or neural fitness.
How does exercise affects our brain is summarized in the infographic below (click to enlarge/download):
Source: Fix.com