More than a century ago, Russia and England played a big game to control Afghanistan. Imagine in “Kim,” Kim, “Rudyard Kipling defines three generations of soldiers, spies and diplomats. As an extraordinary Rory Stewart record, great game never ends. Soviets and Americans continue where Russia and England leave. Now, The new great game will begin soon.
As well done, Afghanistan appeared as a buffer state between Russia and England
Mires. Dominated by Pashtuns, this country remains inchoate entities from competing ethnic groups, giving Fooding clans and autonomous villages. As Tabish Forugh and one of the authors was recorded in the previous article about fair observers, the sequence dominated by Pashtun was destroyed when the Soviet invaded Afghanistan in 1979. The Taliban brought this command in the 1990s and building Pashtun Primacy again.
Modernity is not yet kind to Afghanistan. Until the 1970s, this country was land where Hippies appeared to smoke and had fun. Pakistan’s older friends remember driving from Peshawar to Kabul to buy footage of Bollywood film videos and sunbathing in relatively liberal Milieu Afghanistan. When the Soviet intervention in 1979, this idyllic version was destroyed. For all the efforts of Soviet forces, engineers and administrators, communism failed.
In February 1989, Soviet forces withdrew from Afghanistan. Then that year, the Berlin wall fell and the Soviet Union itself exploded in 1991. The loose allied mujahidin turned their weapons with each other and the bloody civil war followed. Tajik, Uzbek and Pashtun were in their respective throats. Finally, the Taliban trained by Pakistan, supported by Islamabad, led by Pashtun won in 1996. Their rules were cut by the 9/11 attacks in 2001, which brought American intervention and began a 20-year democratic experiment.
Unfortunately, democratic experiments also failed. In June 2021, Forugh and one of the authors wrote that President Ashraf Ghani occupied “his fancy palace in Kabul thanks to American weapons barrels,” and, so America left, he would toast. Americans form a presidential system based on their own model destined to fail in a famous and disgust society. Note that US leaders after World War II chose parliamentary democracy for Germany and Japan, two industrial communities with a much higher level of homogeneity. If Washington left at first, the decision was a big disaster in the end. At present, democracy is dead and buried, the rules of Taliban fibers that are approaching and ethnic identity replaces the fragile multiethrist nationalism of Afghanistan.
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