Sleep Disorders Statistics And What You Need to Know

Sleep disorders disrupt an individual's everyday life to a major extent, and healthcare burdens in countries across the globe have been indicating a rapid spike as poor sleep quality and loss of sleep continues to result in a rising number of sleep-related or associated conditions and chronic diseases.

Some of the common conditions associated with sleep-related issues are heartburn, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disorders, kidney disease, neurological disorders, respiratory problems, mental health problems, and thyroid disease.

Common Sleep Disorders

Among the over 90 distinct sleep disorders, the most common types are:

Insomnia
Sleep Apnea
Narcolepsy
Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep Behavior Disorder
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders (CRSDs)
Hypersomnia
Short Sleeper Syndrome (SSS)

Insomnia Statistics

Insomnia manifests as difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep, and has been noted as a condition that causes a range of other symptoms and chronic diseases in sufferers.

Sleep Disorders Statistics And What You Need to Know

According to CDC, 35% of adults reported not getting 7 hours of sleep per night, which is the recommended number of hours of healthy sleep
According to Fortune Magazine, approximately US$411 Billion is lost annually due to lack of sleep and reduced productivity as a result among workers in the US
Insomnia sufferers are 75 to 90% more likely to experience other medical disorders such as hypoxemia, GSD, and pain conditions
The average sleep hours recommended for teenagers is 6.5 hours, but around 20% of teens globally sleep for less than 5 hours per night
Among individuals aged 40 to 59 years, 40% reported short duration sleep of getting less than recommended number of hours of sleep each night
Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder in the US, and around 30% to 50% of adults are affected, while 10% to 15% suffer from chronic symptoms
Insomnia lasting for less than a month is considered transient, and if it continues for 6 months or more it is termed short-term, and it is considered chronic if it persists for 6 months or more
Teens aged 14-15 years are more prone to the onset of symptoms of sleep deprivation, and experience the highest decrease in number of hours of sleep per night
Various sleep surveys and studies have yielded mixed results about the prevalence of insomnia among different sleeper groups. Some conservative estimates indicate that 10% to 30% of adults live with chronic insomnia. For other studies, this figure is closer to 50% to 60%.
Between 4 to 6% of the general population have hypersomnia
Approximately 30% to 40% of adults in the US report symptoms of insomnia at some point in a given year
Short-term insomnia has an estimated prevalence of 9.5% in the US, but around 1 in 5 cases of short-term insomnia transitions to chronic insomnia, which can persist for years
Insomnia may be responsible for over US$63 billion loss in the US due to absenteeism and presenteeism
Accidents and errors by people suffering from insomnia may result in an additional US$31 billion lost annually
Symptoms of insomnia show in around 83% of people with depression
Women are more likely to experience insomnia than men, and estimates place the lifetime risk of insomnia as 40% higher in women

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Statistics

Sleep apnea is a medical condition that causes brief repetitive pauses in breathing during the process of falling asleep or while sleeping, and occurs when the muscles in the back of the throat or the soft fatty tissues relax. Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is the most common sleep apnea.

Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea associated with accompanying daytime sleepiness is approximately 3 to 7% for adult men and 2 to 5% for adult women in the general population
Between 24% and 31% of men and 9% and 21% of women reported having OSA, which is distinctly much higher in men
OSA has been noted in 1 to 3% of children of preschool age
Sleep apnea sufferers are likely to develop high blood pressure if not addressed early
Over 18 million of US citizens have sleep apnea-related conditions
Studies indicate that prevalence of sleep apnea is around 3% to 7% in individuals of average weight and 20% in individuals of above average weight
Overall, around 80% of severe and moderate OSA goes undiagnosed

Narcolepsy Statistics

Narcolepsy is associated with excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep paralysis, cataplexy, and sleep hallucinations. Narcolepsy sufferers are known to sleep for around 12 to 20 hours, which exceeds the 8 hours recommended number of hours of healthy sleep by far.

Prevalence of narcolepsy in the general population is 0.06%, or 3 million people in countries across the globe
Prevalence of narcolepsy is more prominent in some western countries, and affects approximately 1 in 2,000 citizens (200,000 Americans and approximately) in the US
The onset of narcolepsy in typically evident between the ages of 10 years, whereas 30% of narcoleptic patients exhibit its initial symptoms during childhood
It is estimated that only 25% of people who have narcolepsy have been diagnosed and are receiving treatment
A close relative of 10% of narcolepsy patients have narcolepsy disorder

Restless Legs Syndrome Statistics

Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) is a sensory disorder, which causes the urge to move the legs, and this typically occurs while the sufferer is sitting up or lying down, and can generally disrupt sleep.

REM Behavior Disorder Statistics

REM Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia, in which the subjects act out dreams with physical Prevalence of REM behavior disorder among the general population is 0.5 to 1%.

Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders Statistics

Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders (CRSDs) refer to disruptions in the timing of sleep and wake cycle, and the consequences that result from disruption.

Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder (DSPDs) is the most common CRSD, with an estimated prevalence of 0.17% in the general population, and 7-16% among adolescents
An estimated 5-10% of chronic insomnia patients in sleep clinics have DSPD
Among the adult population, 3% suffer from any circadian rhythm sleep disorder
Around 16% of adolescents and 10% of adults with any sleep disorder have CRSD

Hypersomnia Statistics

Long sleepers - suffering from a condition known as idiopathic hypersomnia - are among those who require more than the recommended number of sleep hours of 8-9 hours per night. On average, long sleepers are known to clock 10 to 12 hours per night to feel their best.

Adult long sleepers will typically sleep for 10 to 12 hours a night
Men are more inclined to sleep longer than women
Long sleepers have indicated in studies that they can get by on 9 hours of sleep per night, but a majority of subjects of sleep studies reported sleeping for 12 to 15 hours on the weekend to make up for lost sleep during weekdays
Long sleeping has been found in approximately 2 percent of the population, with men at a slightly higher rate of having it than women
According to a recent study, short- and long-duration sleepers were 35% and 25% more likely to experience a 5-kg weight gain, respectively, as compared with average-duration sleepers over 6 years
Careful analysis of the data from the Nurses' Health Study, involving around 72,000 women, showed that women who slept nine to 11 hours per night were 38% more likely to have coronary heart disease than women who slept eight hours
Studies have also indicated that around 15% of individuals with depression exceeded the recommended number of hours of sleep each night or suffer from hypersomnia
During the study analysis, it was also found that death rates were significantly higher among persons who slept 9 or more hours a night than for those who slept 7 to 8 hours a night

Short Sleeper Syndrome Statistics

Sleeping regularly for less than the stipulated 7 hours in a 24-hour period can be termed as short sleep duration or short sleep syndrome (SSS).

Rarest Sleep Disorder

Kleine-Levin Syndrome Statistics

Kleine-Levin Syndrome (KLS) - also known as 'Sleeping Beauty' syndrome - is a rather rare neurological disorder, which is characterized by recurrent bouts of excessive sleeping (hypersomnolence), and conditions also include cognitive and behavioral issues when the individual is in the state of wakefulness.

Kleine Levin syndrome (KLS) is a neuropsychiatric disease that affects about 1 in a million people
Individuals with KLS have been known to sleep between 12 and 24 hours at a time over a few days or a period of weeks
KLS episode first manifest in individuals ranging between ages of 6.3 to 44.6 years: 10% started before age 12, 80% during adolescence, and 10% in people older than 20 years
Males (68%) are primarily affected by Kleine-Levin syndrome
A recent study estimated KLS prevalence at 1.8 cases per million people in France
KLS has been reported in people of a variety of ethnicities and locations and has been reported in many countries in Europe, in India, the Middle East, South Africa, South America, North America, and eastern Asia - (Please note: this list is not comprehensive)
In rare cases, KLS episodes have been shown to recur over a period of 10-20 years
Manifestations during episodes include heightened urge to eat (hyperphagia), headaches, and/or increased sexual drive

Parasomnias

The term - parasomnia - refers to general sleep disruptions from the REM sleep cycle and non-REM sleep cycles. Individuals experience episodes of unusual behaviors prior to falling asleep, while asleep, or during the arousal period between sleep and wakefulness.

Sexsomnia
Sleepwalking
Night Terrors
Nightmare Disorder
Snoring
Excessive Daytime Sleepiness
Sleep Paralysis
Catathrenia
Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome
Exploding Head Syndrome
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder
Shift Worker Syndrome
Sleep Myoclonus
Sleep-Related Eating Disorder
Fatal Familial Insomnia

Sexsomnia Statistics

Sexsomnia refers to unusual behavior of enacting or performing a sexual act during sleep, and most sufferers are often unaware of their unusual behaviors and actions when they awaken.

Sexsomnia was reported by almost 8% of patients at a sleep disorders center, and was around 3-times more common in men (11%) than in women (4%)
Studies indicate that at least 7.6% of patients (63 of 832 participants) at a sleep disorder center reportedly engaged or initiated a sex act with a bed partner during sleep

Sleepwalking Statistics

Sleepwalking is also a parasomnia, and involves abnormal behaviors or movements during sleep. Sleepwalking - formally known as somnambulism - is more common in children than adults.

Prevalence rate for children and adults 15 and older falls between 2.9% and 4.2%
Around 40% of children experience at least 1 sleepwalking episode during childhood, and sleepwalking episodes can last for a few seconds to a half an hour; with most finishing in less than 10 minutes
Most sleepwalking events occur between the ages of 3 and 7 years, and occurs more often among children than adults
A long-term study found that 29% of children from around 2 to 13 years old experienced sleepwalking with a peak in incidence between 10 and 13 years of age
In adults, sleepwalking prevalence is estimated to be up to 4%
Conclusion according to meta-analysis considered from 51 separate studies of sleepwalking, 5% of children and 1.5% of adults (globally) experienced a sleepwalking episode in the last 12 months (between 2019 and 2021)
In the general population, 2%-4% of adults reported sleepwalking and most are on a continuum that originated with childhood illness. Adult-onset sleepwalking accounts for <20% of all adult sleepwalkers. However, the clinical epidemiology is different in the psychiatric population
According to 2-12 results of a new Stanford University School of Medicine research, it was found that about 3.6 percent of US adults - or upward of 8.4 million - are prone to sleepwalking
Around 22% of children whose parents have no history of sleepwalking will experience this condition
In contrast, 47% of children are likely to sleepwalk if one parent has a history of it, and 61% of children are likely to do so if both parents do

Night Terrors Statistics

Night terrors, also referred to as sleep terrors, can cause deep fear while an individual is asleep, and result in disrupting or affecting normal sleep patterns.

Night terrors occur in only 3-6% of children, between the ages 4 to 12 years, and subside by age 10 years
Prevalence of sleep terrors was 36.9% at 18 months and 19.7% at 30 months; 49% of affected children were boys, and 51% were girls
Research has yielded discrepant results regarding the likelihood of experiencing night terrors with measurements ranging from 1.7% to almost 56% of individuals and ages ranging from 18 months to adolescence
Night terrors are most common in children between 1 and 5 years invited commentary of age

Nightmare Disorder Statistics

Frightening dreams usually occur during REM sleep, and are considered normal or common in children under 10 years of age. Nightmares however also occur in teens and adults. Nightmares are only considered a disorder if found to be causing disturbance and distress and obstructing healthy.

According to a Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) study conducted on 116 participants (mean age = 20 years maintaining a nightmare log and psychiatric symptom checklist for 21 consecutive days), individuals who reported 3 or more nightmares across the 3 weeks reported more dissociation, psy-chosis-proneness and psychiatric symptoms than participants reporting 2 nightmares or less
Prevalence estimates of nightmares based on a student population vary from 30% to 55% on a monthly basis, and 8% to 38% on a weekly basis
Studies indicate that approximately 1% to 7% of adults have weekly nightmares, and 5.3% of the general population has a nightmare problem currently
Nightmares have been classified as a core clinical symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and also have been variably associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms
Nightmares are believed to be associated with some genetic and psychological factors, and around 7% of children who experience nightmares have a family member, parents, or siblings with a history of nightmares
Nightmares are most common in preschoolers (children aged 3-6 years) because this is the age at which normal fears develop and a child's imagination is very active
Some studies estimate that as many as 50% of children in this age group have nightmares
Nightmares involve frightening or unpleasant dreams that disrupt the child's sleep on several occasions and cause distress or problems with everyday life
Individuals who stay up late at night are more prone to having nightmares frequently
Most dreams are silent, and a large majority of dreams are images

Snoring Statistics

Snoring occurs when the soft tissue in the back of the throat vibrates due to turbulence while inhaling and exhaling during sleep. Though all 'simple snorers' may not be suffering from a sleep disorder, many serious snorers may have Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA).

Primary snoring without other symptoms is thought to affect between 10 and 12% of children
Obesity, smoking, drinking alcohol, or having frequent nasal congestion all increase the risk of habitual snoring
Snoring is thought to affect 44 percent of males and 28 percent of females between the ages of 30 and 60 years
Snoring is not frequent or regular, but 37% of American adults snore at least a few times in a week
According to adult snoring statistics, in addition to the 37% of Americans who snore at least a few nights a week, 27% of adults snore every night or almost every night
Around 40% of men habitually snore, compared to 24% of women
Studies have proven in some UK studies that 80%-90% of people sleeping with a snorer have difficulty achieving REM sleep
Around 56% of partners sleeping with a snorer claim that snoring has an adverse effect on their wellbeing
According to study findings, 40% of respondents complained that their snoring partners affected their mood
Approximately 30% of people aged 30+ are regular snorers
Men aged 70 or older are more of silent sleepers, and are less likely to snore
Around 1 in 3 older adults will snore at least a few nights a week
70% of snorers claim that this problem runs in their families
Habitual snorers have a 5 times higher risk of heart disease than those who snore only occasionally
About 50% of people who snore loudly have obstructive sleep apnea
70%-95% of people with obstructive sleep apnea regularly snore
Surgery is successful in 7o% to 95% of snoring cases

Excessive Daytime Sleepiness Statistics

Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS) refers to the urge to fall asleep during daytime hours, and is common in both adults and children.

Sleep Paralysis Statistics

Sleep paralysis (SP) is characterized by the sensation of being unable to move while awakening from sleep. Sleep paralysis can be best described as a transitional state that occurs in the form of temporary inability to move, react, or speak. This generally occurs while asleep, in the process of falling asleep or awakening.

Between 20% to 50% of patients with narcolepsy experience sleep paralysis, but sleep paralysis is also common in the general population
Approximately 7.6% among the general population experiences at least 1 episode of sleep paralysis in their lifetime
SP is more common when sleeping in a supine position, and SP prevalence rates are significantly higher in the student population (28.3%), compared to the general population (7.6%)
According to a pilot study of 31 patients with elevated blood pressure, 41.9 percent had isolated sleep paralysis, 35.5 percent had panic attacks, and 9.7 percent had panic disorder

Catathrenia Statistics

Catathrenia is a parasomnia that is relatively rare and undocumented. It involves the subject making groaning - sometimes loudly - during sleep. This disorder can occur during any stage of sleep, but most often occurs with highest frequency during REM sleep or deep sleep.

Catathrenia disorder is more prominent in patients, at around 16% of the overall patient pool
A family history is noted in about 15% of those with the disorder
Contrary to snoring which occurs during inhalation, groaning occurs during exhalation, and one groan can last as long as 30 seconds
Oxygen saturation during a Catathrenia episode is usually negligible, above 90%
Approximately 43% of catathrenia patients had a history of a parasomnia
Around 86% of individuals with the disorder had orthodontic procedures

Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome Statistics

Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS) is a condition related to the autonomic nervous system, and affects breathing, especially during sleep. It also causes nocturnal groaning.

There are estimated to be 1,000 - 1,200 cases of CCHS world-wide, and CCHS affects males and females equally, and there is no cure currently
Patients with diseases of neural crest origin, such as congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) and Hirschsprung disease, had a 5-10% chance of developing neuroblastic tumors, compared to 0.01% for the general population
Estimated CCHS incidence is one in 150,000-200,000 live births in France and Japan
A family history of CCHS is noted in about 15% of those with the disorder

Exploding Head Syndrome Statistics

Exploding Head Syndrome (EHS) is a disorder characterized by the perception of loud noises (e.g. a bomb explosion, gunshot or cymbal crash) when going to sleep or awakening.

EHS can occur at any age, and the median age of onset is 54 years, but it may start in childhood and adolescence
EHS may not be that uncommon as a study of college students found a lifetime prevalence of 18% and 16.6% had recurrent cases with equal numbers of males and females
In average, one attack per day to one attack per week occurs, and some patients suffer from several attacks per night

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Statistics

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is an increasingly prevalent developmental disorder, and is associated with disrupted sleep and several sleep related disorders and symptoms.

Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder Statistics

Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome (DSPS) is a sleep disorder that occurs when a person's circadian rhythm (sleep/wake cycle) is delayed from the typical day/night cycle. People with delayed sleep phase have a natural tendency to go to bed later and wake up later than what is typically considered normal.

Prevalence of DSWPD is highest in adolescents and young adults, with rates estimated between 3.3 and 4.6 percent
Prevalence of DSWPD in adults is lower, with estimates between 0.2 to 1.7 percent
Approximately 51% of patients with DSWPD have had a lifetime history of depression
Around 59% of adolescents with this disorder demonstrated poor academic performance and 45% had behavioral problems
Prevalence of up to 8% has been reported in teenagers in the US

Shift Worker Syndrome Statistics

Shift Work Sleep Disorder (SWSD) or shift worker syndrome is a condition that can occur if an individual's natural sleep cycle is chronically disrupted as a result of working overnight, overtime, or rotating shifts.

An estimated 20% of the working population in countries in Europe and North America is engaged in shiftwork
Between 10% to 40% of shift workers in the US have SWSD
Sleep-wake disturbance is severe enough to warrant diagnosis as SWSD in around 5 to 10% of night-shift workers
Around 37.5% of post-night-shift drives have been considered unsafe during testing
Individuals aged above 40 to 50 years are more likely to suffer from SWSD
Around 37.5% of post-night-shift drives have been considered unsafe during testing
The daytime sleep of the shift workers is 1-4 hours shorter than that of daytime workers; total sleep time of the SWSD patient is no longer than 4-6 hours daily
Up to 60% of all college students suffer from a poor sleep quality and irregular sleep time, and 7.7% meet all criteria of an insomnia disorder

Sleep Myoclonus Statistics

Myoclonus causes brief twitching of single or groups of muscles and results in the body jerking while asleep or in the process of falling asleep.

Myoclonus affects males and females in equal numbers
In general, the incidence of myoclonus is 1.3 cases per 100,000 person-years, and the prevalence is 8.6 cases per 100,000 populations
Symptoms ideally begin to manifest before the age of 16 years
Prevalence of myoclonus-dystonia in Europe is estimated to be 1 in 500,000 individuals

Sleep-Related Eating Disorder (SRED) entails the subject awakening during sleeping hours to eat or drink; sometimes excessively, and almost entirely unconsciously aware of the event later.

Ideally, sleep is initiated 1-4 hours after the last meal, partially depending on one's lifestyle and sleep duration (7-9 hours on average)
Both men and women can have SRED, but it is more common among women, and onset typically occurs at age 20-40 years
Around 1% to 3% of the general population appears to be affected by SRED
Around 10 to 15% of people with eating disorders are affected by SRED
One in 100 people are thought to have NES, and close to 5% suffer from nocturnal sleep-related eating disorder (NS-RED)
If NS-RED occurs often enough, a person can experience weight gain and increase their risk of developing type 2 diabetes
One in 100 people are thought to have NES, and close to 5% suffer from NS-RED
The number of people affected by these disorders increases up to 17% in those with other eating disorders

Fatal Familial Insomnia Statistics

Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI) is a rare genetic degenerative brain disorder that causes inability to sleep, which can lead to significant mental and physical deterioration as it worsens over time.

Some Causes of Sleep Disorders

Alcoholism

Alcohol can also induce insomnia, thereby causing symptoms such as mood swings, decreased energy level, low physical and mental health, and deteriorate the overall quality of life.

About 76 percent of the individuals who die are men who also tend to be non-Hispanic white Americans
An estimated 95,000 people (approximately 68,000 men and 27,000 women) die from alcohol-related causes annually
Research has found that alcoholism is a factor in 30 percent of alcohol poisoning deaths
Rate of alcoholism is higher among men at 16.7 percent
A person who succumbs to excessive alcohol use loses a potential of 30 years of potential life, and as many as 40 percent of all the hospital beds across the country are used to treat health conditions that develop from alcoholism
The epidemic is such that as many as 17 percent of men in the general population and 8 percent of women will meet the criteria for alcoholism in their lifetime
In 2019, 25.8 percent of people ages 18 or older reported that they engaged in binge drinking in the past month; 6.3 percent reported that they engaged in heavy alcohol use in the past month
According to the 2019 NSDUH, 14.1 million adults ages 18 and older (5.6 percent of this age group) had Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD)
This includes 8.9 million men (7.3 percent of men in this age group) and 5.2 million women (4.0 percent of women in this age group
An estimated 414,000 adolescents ages 12-17 (1.7 percent of this age group) had AUD; this number includes 163,000 males (1.3 percent of males in this age group) and 251,000 females (2.1 percent of females in this age group)

Depression

Insomnia is the most common manifestation of depression, and results in the onset of several other sleep disorders.

Psychosis

Sleep disorders are very common in persons with several psychosis disorders, with insomnia being a predictor of psychosis in ultrahigh risk adolescents.

Sleep disturbance is common among individuals at risk of psychosis
Majority of young adults with psychosis suffer from severe sleep disorders
Chronic sleep problems affect 50 percent to 80 percent of patients in a typical psychiatric practice, compared with 10 percent to 18 percent of adults in the general US population
Sleep disorders were significantly associated with increased psychotic experiences, depression, anxiety, fatigue, and lower quality of life

Conclusion

Sleep is very essential for an individual to remain mentally, physically, and emotionally sound. Sleeping for the recommended 8-9 hours a night or in a 24-hour span ensures better quality of life, health and wellness. Lack, less, or poor quality of sleep increases risks of serious or chronic medical conditions and diseases as well. Inadequate sleep for prolonged periods of time is known to shorten an individual's lifespan. Healthy sleep routine can be negatively impacted by unhealthy lifestyle, habits and patterns, stress and depression, and also by underlying diseases and medical conditions. Sleep disorders and sleep disruption further aggravate depression and anxiety.

Some actions or approaches can be adopted to by individuals with sleep disorders to alleviate or manage sleep-related challenges and conditions, some of which are:

Wake up at the same time each day
Get exposure to natural light or morning sunlight
Eat healthy foods
Avoid alcohol and stimulants such as nicotine and caffeine
Limit or avoid daytime and evening naps
Exercise regularly, but not close to bedtime
Make the sleeping environment comfortable, including temperature, lighting, sound
Put aside worry to reduce stress before going to bed
Limit activities in bed
Avoid eating or drinking close to bedtime
Avoid connected devices, TV, and usage an hour or more before retiring to bed
Try to go to bed at the same time each day

Developing and maintaining a proper routine and sleep hygiene has been known to aid in treating sleep disorders over a period of time. If suffering from anxiety and depression, physical illnesses and pain, or neurological problems, seek medical help to address and resolve issues, because your sleep is essential to a better, satisfactory, and healthier life.

Disclaimer *Contents, data, and information presented in this article is solely to provide a general outlook about sleep statistics and sleep facts, which are based on the results of expert studies, research, and surveys conducted by competent bodies, researchers, and organizations in the target field.

Sources and References

1. https://www.cdc.gov/sleep/data_statistics.html
2. https://fortune.com/2016/11/30/sleep-productivity-rand-corp-411-billion/

Contents, data, and information presented in this article is solely to provide a general outlook about sleep statistics and sleep facts, which are based on the results of expert studies, research, and surveys conducted by competent bodies, researchers, and organizations in the target field.

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