Important pre-scripts before you read something on Indian History and an important personality born this day – 154 years ago !
1.
Once on a train from
Central to New Delhi remember buying this English daily ‘The Hitavada’ circulating mainly in Central parts of India.A photo of its first page (epage) is
here.It was founded in 1911 by this great freedom fighter in Nagpur, was
taken over by Purohit and Company, owned by Mr Banwarilal Purohit, present
governor of Tamilnadu.
2.
In School history books,
we read – Congress of Gandhi and Nehru fought the British and got us freedom
without shedding blood.Indian National
Congress which fought the British won freedom, after Independence Jawaharlal
Nehru became the Prime Minister, his daughter Mrs Indira Gandhi and her son
Rajiv Gandhi too were the PMs as the Congress party ruled for 6 decades
3.
We never studied nor
understood that Indian National Congress was started much earlier, had itsfirst session in Bombay in Dec ecember 1885
at the initiative of retired Civil Service officer Allan Octavian Hume. Its aim was to obtain a greater share in
government for educated Indians, and to create a platform for civic and
political dialog between them and the British Raj. Hume organised the first meeting in Bombay
with the approval of the Viceroy Lord Dufferin. Umesh Chandra Banerjee was the
first president of Congress; the first session was attended by 72
delegates.It was an elitist group and
not a mass movement
4.
In 1907 at Surat there
was fight between the moderates and
extremists for the presidential chair.Scuffle broke out, pandal was strewn with broken chairs and shoes
were flung; sticks and umbrellas were thrown on the platform. The session ended with the split in
Congress.
5.
The man who was touted
as mentored as MK Gandhi, left the party.He had earlier started ‘ Servants of India Society’ in Pune, Maharashtra,
on June 12, 1905 with aim of promoting social
and human development and overthrow the British rule in India. Prominent Indians were its members and
leaders. It chose to remain away from political activities and organizations
like the Indian National Congress.
6. He was awarded Companion (CIE) – the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire, an
order of chivalry founded by Queen Victoria in 1878.
You may not observed this statue inside Madras University Complex in front of the Senate house opposite to present MGR / Jayalalithaa samathi at Marina beach .. .. .. the man Gopala Krishna Gokhale.
Gopal Krishna Gokhale CIE (1866 – 1915) was a social reformer and a leader of the
moderate faction of Indian Independence
Movement. Gokhale was a senior leader of the Indian National Congress and the
founder of the Servants of India Society. Gokhale campaigned for Indian self-rule and
for social reforms. He was the leader of the moderate faction of the Congress
party that advocated reforms by working with existing government institutions.
Gopal Krishna Gokhale was
born on 9 May 1866 in Kotluk village of Guhagar taluka in Ratnagiri district,
in present-day Maharashtra (then part of the Bombay Presidency) in a Brahmin
family. Despite being relatively poor, his family members ensured that Gokhale
received an English education, which would place Gokhale in a position to
obtain employment as a clerk in the British Raj. He studied in Rajaram College
in Kolhapur. Being one of the first generations of Indians to receive a
university education, Gokhale graduated from Elphinstone College in 1884.
Gokhale's education tremendously influenced the course of his future career –
in addition to learning English, he was exposed to Western political thought
and became a great admirer of theorists such as John Stuart Mill and Edmund
Burke.
Gokhale became a member of
the Indian National Congress in 1889, as a protégé of social reformer Mahadev
Govind Ranade. Along with other contemporary leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak,
Dadabhai Naoroji, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai and Annie Besant, Gokhale
fought for decades to obtain greater political representation and power over
public affairs for common Indians. He was moderate in his views and attitudes,
and sought to petition the British authorities by cultivating a process of
dialogue and discussion which would yield greater British respect for Indian
rights. Gokhale visited Ireland and arranged for an Irish nationalist, Alfred
Webb, to serve as President of the Indian National Congress in 1894. The
following year, Gokhale became the Congress's joint secretary along with Tilak.
In many ways, Tilak and Gokhale's early careers paralleled – though there were differences in their views concerning how best
to improve the lives of Indians.
The fight between the
moderates and extremists came out openly at Surat in 1907, which adversely
affected political developments in the country. Both sides were fighting to
capture the Congress organisation due to ideological differences. Tilak wanted
to put Lala Lajpat Rai in the presidential chair, but Gokhale's candidate was
Rash Behari Ghosh. There was scuffle and party split ! In Jan 1908, Tilak was arrested on charge of sedition
and sentenced to six years imprisonment and dispatched to Mandalay. This left
the whole political field open for the moderates. Gokhale was deeply concerned with the future
of Congress after the split in Surat. He thought it necessary to unite the rival
groups, and in this connection he sought the advice of Annie Besant. Gokhale
died on 19 Feb 1915.
Gokhale's mentor, justice
M.G. Ranade started the Sarvajanik Sabha Journal. Gokhale assisted him. Gokhale's deposition before the Welby
Commission on the financial condition of India won him accolades. His speeches
on the budget in the Central Legislative Council were unique, with thorough
statistical analysis. He appealed to the reason. He played a leading role in
bringing about Morley-Minto Reforms, the beginning of constitutional reforms in
India.Gokhale was a scholar, social
reformer, and a statesman, arguably the greatest Indian liberal.
In 1899, Gokhale was
elected to the Bombay Legislative Council. He was elected to the Imperial
Council of the Governor-General of India in 1901, and again in 1903 as non-officiating member representing
Bombay Province.Gokhale's achievement
must be studied in the context of predominant ideologies and social, economic
and political situation at that time, particularly in reference to the famines,
revenue policies, wars, partition of Bengal, Muslim League and the split in the
Congress at Surat. Gokhale was famously
a mentor to Mahatma Gandhi in the latter's formative years.
Nation remembers Gopala
Krishna Gokhale.Some photos of his
statue at Chennai (inside Madras University Campus) are posted here.
With regards – S. Sampathkumar 9.5.2020.
