Left: The Cornell-Verizon cellular tower shelter demonstration project during the final phase of construction. Right: Schematic layout of the geothermal heat pump setup. (Credit: Cornell University)A cellular phone site on Cornell University’s campus uses a geothermal heat pump cooling system for climate control.
In collaboration with Verizon Wireless, Cornell engineers led by graduate student Koenraad Beckers are testing a geothermal heat pump system to control the climate of cellular tower shelters. Already in many homes, geothermal heat pumps use stable underground temperatures to provide efficient space and water heating or cooling.
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The tower, located at the edge of Cornell Plantations, was completed in 2013 and looks like any other. But closer inspection will reveal the tower is equipped with a hybrid geothermal system: six heat exchangers buried underground and three water-to-air heat pumps inside the equipment shelter. Most cell phone towers use standard wall-mounted air conditioners for cooling.
Beckers, whose adviser is Jeff Tester, the Croll Professor of Sustainable Energy Systems in the School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, presented his theoretical modeling work and the design of the experiment at the International Energy Agency Heat Pump Conference in Montreal, May 12-16.
The experimental setup includes a data-logging system to monitor behavior and performance of the geothermal reservoir and heat pumps, including the flow rate of each heat exchanger, the power consumption of different components, and ambient and shelter temperatures.
The goal is to create a reliable, predictive model to allow engineers to assess the feasibility and economic viability of retrofitting a traditional tower with a new cooling system, using Ithaca as a test site, Beckers said. “Once we have a good model, then we can look at other places in the country.”
During construction, Beckers led a seismic survey with several other students to assess the stratigraphy, or rock layers, of the reservoir. In addition, they collected rock cuttings from one borehole at 20-foot intervals during drilling to analyze ground composition.
Besides the wells with heat exchangers, the experiment includes additional wells only for monitoring that are outfitted with temperature sensors at different depths.
Tester expects data collection and testing to take several years.
“It was a perfect opportunity for Verizon to get something useful out of this research, but it also made a lot of sense for us, because not much is known about this kind of system for cooling cell phone towers,” Tester said.
Many students have benefitted from the project already, Tester added, by learning about geothermal heat pumps, performing reservoir modeling simulations, and participating in the seismic survey data collection.
The research collaboration began several years ago when Verizon Communications CEO Lowell McAdam ’76 expressed interest in sustainable practices for the telecommunications giant. The Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future hosted an exploratory roundtable discussion for McAdam, then CEO of Verizon Wireless, and a team of his managers. This resulted in an initial grant from the Verizon Foundation establishing several master’s-level “Verizon Sustainability Projects,” including the cell tower project.
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