What is the number one way to succeed in business? It is to understand what people want. What motivates people to do certain things and avoid other things? For all businesses, employee motivation is a primary concern. Without employees, the potential of any business is limited to what a single person can accomplish. Employee motivation is important, but if your business is concerned with sales, consumer motivation is perhaps even more crucial. Understanding what consumers want and responding to their desires is a near certain path to increased sales. If understanding humans is the goal, anthropology is the answer.
What is Anthropology?
Anthropology is, plainly and simply, the study of humans. Anthropologists may focus on people who lived in the past, but it is actually much easier to study people who are alive right now. Human beings are complex creatures, with physical, mental, emotional and spiritual attributes. No single area of study can get a complete picture of human beings. Anthropology unites such diverse disciplines as biology, psychology, humanities, archeology and linguistics in the quest to understand human beings better. It may take all of these disciplines to build a complete picture, but in the sales environment, psychology is the central concern.
Psychology 101
All of psychology is built on these two basic ideas:
1. People take actions.
2. For every action a human takes, there is a motivation.
The entire aim of psychology is to understand the motivation behind human behavior. Over the years, psychologists have developed many theories, hoping to explain human motivation. One of the more popular theories is the Hierarchy of Needs.
Abraham Maslow proposed the Hierarchy of Needs framework in 1943. He hypothesized that humans would seek to meet advanced needs like self-confidence, personal achievement, creativity and morality only after they had fulfilled basic needs such as food and water, shelter and safety. Conversely, humans are willing to do undesirable things such as violate moral codes and risk injury to achieve the necessities of life. For example, a normally scrupulous person may resort to stealing food if they are hungry and desperate enough.
Maslow’s Theory in Action
If Maslow’s theory is correct, it has implications for sales.
Low-income consumers are primarily concerned with getting the things they need to survive. Shelter, food, and basic clothing are their priorities, leaving little, if any money available for nonessential items and luxuries. Because these items are essential and there are no ready substitutes for them, price is not an enormous issue; no matter what the cost, consumers must have these items.
Middle and upper income consumers are comfortably able to meet their basic needs. For commodity items, these consumers may be willing to pay more to purchase what they perceive to be better choices. For example, instead of paying the minimum price for white rice, they may be willing to pay more for brown rice. Instead of paying less to buy chicken pieces, they may opt for the perceived convenience and health benefits of boneless, skinless chicken breast.
Do these predictions match reality? In some cases, they do, but there are many exceptions and outlying cases. If you walk down the street in a city, you may see homeless people using iPhones costing $100-$200 upfront and $40-$50 per month. Conversely, many people who are, comparatively speaking, quite wealthy may choose to drive older vehicles or live in a smaller home then they could afford.
A New Theory
If Maslow’s theory cannot make accurate predictions, how can we determine what a person’s motivations are? Each individual has his or her own motivations behind his or her actions, but there is no theory that can accurately predict what those motivations may be. The only way to determine a person’s motivation is by communicating with, listening to and observing that person. If you can discern the proper motivation, you can consistently get people to purchase the products and services you provide. Therefore, the process of determining motivations should be a primary task for anyone concerned with selling goods to consumers.
Putting It into Practice
What does it look like when businesses attempt to put this theory into practice in the real world? Businesses that attempt to understand and respond to consumer motivations will exhibit a few key attributes:
Customization
Most consumers prefer products they feel are tailored directly to them. These days, it does not need to cost much more to offer customized products that come in the exact color, style and size consumers are searching for.
Options
Most consumers want to make choices, rather than feeling forced to buy a certain product. By doing something as simple as offering a product under a variety of brand names, you give consumers the impression that they have options; in reality, they are just choosing among your products. A great example of this tactic is pet food, where a single manufacturer may offer 3-4 brands.
Perception of Value
All other things being equal, consumers are likely to choose the products that seem to offer to best value. This can be as easy as offering your products in a larger “economy” size. Even though the price per unit may be the same, the multi-pack gives some consumers the idea that they are getting better value.
Perception of Quality
For certain items, quality is a concern. One way to give consumers a sense of quality is to actually design and build high quality products. Unfortunately, this method also leads to higher prices, and limits your market. Apple, for instance has been highly successful with this tactic. Another option is to use key phrases like “New and Improved” to inform consumers of incremental product developments. Finally periodically changing the attributes you highlight on your products can convey the impression that you are constantly improving and upgrading your products.
The field of anthropology is extremely wide and deep. For those who are willing to dedicate themselves to use of anthropology in the world of sales, there is potential for greatness. All great salespersons use the tools available to them to maximum effectiveness. Business anthropology is a valuable tool; do not forget to use it effectively.
Original article: Do you really know your Customers?
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