The president called a judge who halted his controversial travel ban a "so-called judge", and said any terror attacks on US soil would be his fault.
The ban on arrivals from seven mainly Muslim countries faces a legal test.
Judge James Robart made headlines last week when he issued a stay on the president's refugee and immigration ban.
Mr Trump's reaction was swift.
He tweeted: "The opinion of this so-called judge, which essentially takes law-enforcement away from our country, is ridiculous and will be overturned!"
Later he said that a high school student could see that the president's ban was lawful.
Senator Richard Blumenthal of Connecticut revealed the conversation with Mr Gorsuch after meeting the Supreme Court nominee on Wednesday.
The federal judge, Mr Blumenthal said, found the president's criticism to be "demoralising and disheartening".