A new study from Kevin Hall, funded by NuSI, suggests that a ketogenic diet worsens lipid, inflammatory and glucose markers and thus may be a health concern.
The study, published in the journal Obesity, enrolled 17 overweight subjects without diabetes and kept them in a metabolic ward for eight weeks. This is an impressive undertaking as it requires the subjects to give up their lives for the study, and it requires that the study provide every single meal that the subjects consume. This is the main strength of the study. There is no question if the subjects were following the prescribed diet or not. They had no choice!
For the first four weeks, they ate a control diet of 15% protein, 50% carbohydrates and 35% fat. Then they transitioned to an isocaloric diet of 15% protein, 5% carbohydrates and 80% fat for four weeks. Again another strength. This was a true low carb diet.
As for the results, weight loss is difficult to assess given the nonrandomized protocol and since the subjects started losing weight right away on the baseline diet. But more interestingly, the authors showed that inflammatory markers CRP and IL-6 increased on a ketogenic diet, as did LDL cholesterol (going from 125 mg/dl to 150) and HDL (44 to 46). Overall insulin levels dropped as did triglycerides.
They also measured the insulin and glucose response to test meals while on a ketogenic diet which showed impaired insulin sensitivity to a "control meal" but improved insulin sensitivity to a keto meal.
There has already been quite a bit of discussion on Twitter regarding the fact that the LDL was calculated rather than directly measured and how this might affect the results. There is no question that direct LDL measurement is a more accurate test, but it's unclear how much that impacts these findings. The standard calculation of LDL become less accurate at low LDL levels (below 70) and higher triglyceride levels (above 200). Neither one was the case in this study, so I am not sure how important that is.
More concerning for me, however, was that this was only a four-week study. As a physician, I am not interested in what happens over a four weeks period of starting a new diet. At four months I might start to get interested, and at four years you definitely have my attention. But four weeks? That is practically insignificant in my book.
It is well established that the body takes time to transition to fat-burning metabolism, so we would not expect to see complete metabolic effects of a ketogenic diet within such a short time frame, and the data hints that this is the case. Looking at the inflammatory markers, both CRP and IL-6 decreased from week three to week four on the ketogenic diet. Would this pattern continue in subsequent weeks, months or even years? Would the inflammatory markers eventually equal or go below the baseline diet levels? I would hypothesize yes, but this study doesn't answer that question. Also, studies have shown that an initially elevated LDL-C can return to normal after 6 or 12-months, and the more important marker of Apo B may not go up at all. Again the study does not address this question.
Last, the insulin and glucose response to sample meals also is likely inadequate to measure after such a short time frame on the keto diet.
In the end, while the authors deserve recognition for meticulously controlling the data, we are left wondering if the data has any meaningful contribution to real life. In the real world, we are concerned about our lifetime health, not just our health in the next four weeks.
For more on cholesterol, please see our guide on cholesterol:
Thanks for reading,
Bret Scher, MD, FACC