Preface: Recently, the practice of Applied Behavioral Analysis, or ABA, has come under fire in the autism blogosphere for being abusive and manipulative with the purpose of mind control. Instead of defending the practice, or pointing out the factual errors in recent articles, ASF realized the most productive way to address some of the issues is to reprint an editorial written by expert clinician Aubyn Stahmer, PhD. The editorial first appeared in the journal Autism in 2014. Please take time to read it below. Thank you to Dr. Stahmer at UC Davis for this original article and for allowing it to be reprinted here.
In this issue of Autism, we are pleased to continue our “Myth Busters” series designed to provide a forum for discussion of common misconceptions in our field. This month, we examine the idea that applied behavior analysis (ABA) is synonymous with discrete trial teaching; we will also explore the false dichotomy between behavioral and developmental approaches to treating autism spectrum disorders (ASDs).
It is common practice for intervention researchers to state that ABA has the highest level of evidence of any intervention to support its effectiveness for children with autism. This view is supported in recent reviews by the National Autism Center (2009)and the National Professional Developmental Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders (Odom et al., 2010). The National Autism Center authors concluded that over 90% of the published studies reviewed relied on intervention strategies or comprehensive models based on behavioral principles (Suhrheinrich et al., in press). Evidence supporting ABA also has led to increased coverage for ASD services through both public service and insurance agencies. In fact, at least 37 states have laws that mandate coverage of autism services (http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/autism-and-insurance-coverage-state-laws.aspx). There are, therefore, urgent policy implications that necessitate a clear and accurate understanding of what is included in ABA.
Unfortunately, interpretation of the available research has led to a very narrow view of what is considered effective intervention for individuals with ASD and what ABA means (Dillenburger and Keenan, 2009). In fact, ABA is not a specific type of teaching but rather a particular approach to scientific inquiry, characterized by certain research designs (Cooper et al., 2007). The use of ABA has identified effective interventions for a wide variety of individuals to address an even wider variety of behaviors. Unfortunately, this generality has been all but lost. When people refer to the intervention received by a child with ASD as “ABA” or as “applied behavior analysis,” they typically are referring to a specific, highly structured form of behavioral teaching more appropriately referred to as discrete trial training (DTT; Chiesa, 2005). DTT was first described in the 1960s and was the first specific intervention shown to be efficacious for children with ASD (Schreibman, 1988). It is more correct, however, to describe DTT (and other behavioral interventions subsequently developed) as a product of the science of ABA. That is, ABA allowed for the identification of the specific principles that comprise DTT and other behavioral interventions. This misunderstanding and misuse of the term ABA hinders the ability of service providers, funders, and parents to fully appreciate the full potential of ABA and utilize its enduring principles. Just as crucially, it may limit access to effective interventions for individuals with ASD.
Fully understanding the range of interventions based on ABA is essential, as technique should be determined by the needs of an individual with ASD, the behavior or skill being addressed, and the context in which the intervention is implemented. Research points to the inadequacy of one single treatment approach for all areas of learning for children with ASD (National Research Council, 2001; Schreibman, 2000, 2005), or for all children with ASD (Stahmer et al., 2011b).
While DTT was one of the first behavioral interventions to show effectiveness with children with ASD, the field has evolved significantly since that time and now includes a variety of interventions, ranging from highly structured programs that require one interventionist for each child, to behaviorally based inclusion programs that involve typically developing children as models (e.g. Odom et al., 2010; Vismara and Rogers, 2010). Many of these interventions have been developed (via ABA) to specifically address short-comings of traditional DTT, including limited generalization and maintenance of skills. Some ABA-based programs are distinguishable by “brand names,” such as DTT and Pivotal Response Training (PRT), while other programs utilize the principles of ABA broadly. Some programs address specific behaviors such as toilet training or aggression while others are comprehensive, intended to address a range of learning domains or complex behaviors (e.g. social skills). There has been particular growth in naturalistic behavioral strategies, which use the principles of behavior analysis but also incorporate techniques influenced by developmental theory.
Similar to the limited view of ABA, there is confusion in the field regarding the relationship between developmental and behavioral interventions. Traditionally, there has been minimal communication and even animosity between developmental and behavioral “camps” around autism interventions. However, this hard line between approaches appears to be a false dichotomy in many cases. In fact, although the vocabulary and theory are different, developmental and behavioral interventions have many common features in practice. For example, child initiation of the teaching episode, the use of natural reinforcement, responding to a variety of behaviors as meaningful communication (loose shaping), and an emphasis on reciprocal interaction can all be seen in both developmental and naturalistic behavior interventions. As described by Ingersoll (2010), a lack of understanding of the underlying philosophies and evolution of interventions across fields has limited potentially fruitful cross-fertilization. This absence of collaboration and at times outright competition between advocates on either side has also caused a great deal of confusion for families and community providers who implement interventions for children with ASD. In many cases, this confusion limits access to a full range of intervention options.
A growing number of interventions straddle the divide and combine techniques from both developmental and behavioral interventions. Research on these approaches has shown promising results (e.g. Dawson et al., 2010; Ingersoll and Wainer, 2013; Stahmer et al., 2011a). These interventions highlight the utility of both models and reveal the pointless nature of the debate over which side is “best” for ASD. The heterogeneity and developmental nature of the disorder make it unlikely that one specific treatment will ever be best for all children with ASD, or will work for any one child throughout his or her educational career. Interventions that combine techniques from both developmental and behavioral backgrounds may offer “the best of both worlds” and the most comprehensive support for learning. It is imperative that we, as a field, begin to understand the range of effective interventions available and learn more about the specific active ingredients necessary to optimize outcomes based on individual characteristics of people with ASD, their families, and environments.
Aubyn C Stahmer
Editor
Acknowledgments
Special thanks to my colleagues Sarah R Rieth, Laura Schreibman and David S Mandell for helping to shape this editorial with their excellent comments and brilliant discussions around this issue.
Previous SectionReferences
- ↵
(2005) ABA is not “a therapy for autism.” In: Keenan M, Henderson M, Kerr PK, et al . (eds) Applied Behaviour Analysis and Autism: Building a Future Together. London: Jessica Kingsley, pp. 225–240.
Google Scholar
Chiesa M
- ↵
- Cooper JO,
- Heron TE,
- Heward WL
(2007) Applied Behavior Analysis. 2nd ed.Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Google Scholar - ↵
- Dawson G,
- Rogers S,
- Munson J,
- et al
. (2010) Randomized, controlled trial of an intervention for toddlers with autism: the Early Start Denver Model. Pediatrics 125: e17–e23.
Abstract/FREE Full Text - ↵
- Dillenburger K,
- Keenan M
(2009) None of the A’s in ABA stand for autism: dispelling the myths. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability 34(2): 193–195.
CrossRefMedlineOrder article via InfotrieveWeb of ScienceGoogle Scholar - ↵
- Ingersoll B
(2010) Teaching social communication: a comparison of naturalistic behavioral and development, social pragmatic approaches for children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 12(1): 33–43.
Abstract/FREE Full Text - ↵
- Ingersoll B,
- Wainer A
(2013) Initial efficacy of project ImPACT: a parent-mediated social communication intervention for young children with ASD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 43(12): 2943–2952.
CrossRefMedlineOrder article via InfotrieveGoogle Scholar - ↵ National Research Council (2001) Educating Children with Autism. Washington DC: National Academy Press.
- ↵
- Odom SL,
- Collet-Klingenberg L,
- Rogers SJ,
- et al
. (2010) Evidence-based practices in interventions for children and youth with autism spectrum disorders. Preventing School Failure 54(4): 275–282.
CrossRefGoogle Scholar - ↵
- Schreibman L
(1988) Autism. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE.
Google Scholar - ↵
- Schreibman L
(2000) Intensive behavioral/psychoeducational treatment for autism: Research needs and future directions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 30: 373–378.
CrossRefMedlineOrder article via InfotrieveWeb of ScienceGoogle Scholar - ↵
- Schreibman L
(2005) The Science and Fiction of Autism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Google Scholar - ↵
- Stahmer AC,
- Akshoomoff NA,
- Cunningham AB
(2011a) Inclusion for toddlers with autism spectrum disorders: the first ten years of a community program. Autism: International Journal of Research and Practice 15: 625–641.
Abstract/FREE Full Text - ↵
- Stahmer AC,
- Schreibman L,
- Cunningham AB
(2011b) Towards a technology of treatment individualization for young children with autism spectrum disorders. Brain Research 1380: 229–239.
CrossRefMedlineOrder article via InfotrieveWeb of ScienceGoogle Scholar - ↵
- Suhrheinrich J,
- Hall LJ,
- Reed S,
- et al
. (in press) Evidence-based intervention for autism. In: Wilkenson L (ed.) Autism Spectrum Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Evidence-Based Assessment and Intervention in Schools. American Psychological Association Press.
Google Scholar - ↵ The National Autism Center (2009) National standards report. Available from National Autism website: http://www.nationalautismcenter.org/pdf/NAC%20Standards%20Report.pdf
- ↵
- Vismara LA,
- Rogers SJ
(2010) Behavioral treatments in autism spectrum disorder: what do we know? Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 27(6): 447–468.
Google Scholar