Researchers from the University of Sheffield have developed a method to significantly reduce the volume of some higher activity wastes, which will bring down the cost of interim storage and final disposal.
The researchers, from the University’s Faculty of Engineering, have shown that mixing plutonium-contaminated waste with blast furnace slag and turning it into glass reduces its volume by 85-95%. It also effectively locks in the radioactive plutonium, creating a stable end product.
The approach could also be applicable to treating large volume mixed wastes generated during the eventual clean-up of the damaged Fukushima plant.
“The overall volume of plutonium contaminated wastes from operations and decommissioning in the UK could be upwards of 31,000 m3 (1,094,754 ft3), enough to fill the clock tower of Big Ben seven times over,” says lead researcher, Professor Neil Hyatt.
“Our process would reduce this waste volume to fit neatly within the confines of just one Big Ben tower.”
The current treatment method for non-compactable plutonium contaminated wastes involves cement encapsulation, a process which typically increases the overall volume. Professor Hyatt says: “If we can reduce the volume of waste that eventually needs to be stored and buried underground, we can reduce the costs considerably. At the same time, our process can stabilize the plutonium in a more corrosion resistant material, so this should improve the safety case and public acceptability of geological disposal.”
Although the ultimate aim for higher activity wastes is geological disposal, no disposal sites have yet been agreed in the UK.
Plutonium contaminated waste is a special type of higher activity waste, associated with plutonium production, and includes filters, used personal protective equipment (PPE) and decommissioning waste such as metals and masonry.
Using cerium as a substitute for plutonium, the Sheffield team mixed representative plutonium contaminated wastes with blast furnace slag, a commonly available by-product from steel production, and heated them to turn the material into glass, a process known as vitrification.
A key element of the research, funded by Sellafield Ltd and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), was to show that a single process and additive could be used to treat the expected variation of wastes produced, to ensure the technique would be cost effective.
“Cerium is known to behave in similar ways to plutonium so provides a good, but safe, way to develop techniques like this,” explains Professor Hyatt. “Our method produces a robust and stable final product, because the thermal treatment destroys all plastics and organic material. This is an advantage because it is difficult to predict with certainty how the degradation of plastic and organic materials affects the movement of plutonium underground.”
Professor Hyatt is now working on optimizing the vitrification process to support full scale demonstration and plans future investigation of small scale plutonium experiments.
N.C. Hyatt, R.R. Schwarz, P.A. Bingham, M.C. Stennett, C.L. Corkhill, P.G. Heath, R.J. Handa, M. James, A. Pearson, S. Morgan (2013). Thermal treatment of simulant plutonium contaminated materials from the Sellafield Journal of Nuclear Materials, 444 (1-3), 186-199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.08.019