Cottonwood Houses, Cottonwood Stars

Many years ago, in the heat of summer, little girls sat in the shade of cottonwood trees and made tipis from the leaves.

These they made in numbers and placed them in circles like the camp circle of their tribe.

“A circle of cottonwood-leaf toy tipis made by Indian children of Plains tribes” (Gilmore 1919).

I myself have spent a lot of time among cottonwoods as I’m following one this year – a lanceleaf cottonwood.  I’ve been keeping an eye out for stories.  I've found plenty, but none obviously about the lanceleaf.  It's definitely not the cottonwood of the toy tipi story.  The leaves are too narrow, and their bases are tapered.

Lanceleaf cottonwood, Populus x acuminata.

Most cottonwood stories probably refer to the Plains cottonwood, Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera.  It’s common in much of the American West, and was important to indigenous people, early travelers, and settlers – for shade, fuel and building materials.

A Plains cottonwood.  I ate lunch in its shade every day during a grassland project.

It was the Plains cottonwood – Wága chaⁿ of the Dakota – that supplied leaves for toy tipis.  In early October, I collected leaves from the Plains cottonwood in my yard, and spines from the matrimony vine (Lycium barbarum) to make my own, following the story carefully.

Building materials.

They split a leaf a short distance down from the tip along the midrib; at equal distances from the tip they tore across from the margin slightly; then, bending back the margin above the rents for the smoke flaps, and drawing together the leaf-margins below the rents and fastening them with a splinter or a thorn, they had a toy tipi.

Smoke flaps regulate draft and ventilate the tipi, especially smoke from the fire.

These [I] made in numbers and placed them in circles like the camp circle of [a] tribe.

The toy tipi story comes from ethnobotanist Melvin Gilmore (1919).  In the early 1900s he visited elderly Indians of the Great Plains who had gathered native plants and still knew the old names and uses.  He hoped to document this knowledge "while it may still be obtained, before the death of all the old people who alone possess it.”  They were happy to share the knowledge “in order that, as they said, future generations of their own people as well as the white people may know and understand their manner of life."
Lanceleaf cottonwoods may not good for leaf tipis, but like all cottonwoods, they do have stars inside.  The story of the cottonwood star comes from rural Nebraska, by way of Kathleen Cain (2007).  Her father once asked her “ Have you ever seen the cottonwood star?”  She hadn’t.

He turned the twig so I could gaze directly into its center.  Running crosswise through the middle of the small piece of wood, the cut revealed a reddish-brown and nearly perfect five-pointed star.

You have to find one with a sturdy knuckle ... You have to cut cleanly ... No hacking.  Not jagged.  One cut is best.

A Pex tube cutter worked well.

A sturdy knuckle.

I selected a twig with a sturdy knuckle – the joint between two years’ growth – and cut through it easily and cleanly.  I saw a tiny reddish-brown spot, the pith where nutrients are stored and transported.  Then I looked through a 10x hand lens.  It was indeed a star!

A macro lens revealed the cottonwood star nicely.  It’s only 6 mm across.

The path of the hidden star stretches out into the future of every cottonwood branch.

Sources
Cain, K.  2007.  The cottonwood tree; an American champion.  Boulder, CO:  Johnson Books.
Gilmore, M.R.  1919.  Use of plants by the Indians of the Missouri River region.  Bureau of American Ethnology.
This post is part of this month's gathering of tree-followers kindly hosted by Lucy.